{"id":11069,"date":"2026-06-03T13:38:37","date_gmt":"2026-06-03T05:38:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.archimetric.com\/fr\/comprehensive-guide-to-uml-class-diagrams-diagram-as-code\/"},"modified":"2026-06-03T13:38:37","modified_gmt":"2026-06-03T05:38:37","slug":"comprehensive-guide-to-uml-class-diagrams-diagram-as-code","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.archimetric.com\/fr\/comprehensive-guide-to-uml-class-diagrams-diagram-as-code\/","title":{"rendered":"Guide complet sur les diagrammes de classes UML (Diagramme en tant que code)"},"content":{"rendered":"<blockquote data-nodeid=\"1675\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"1676\">\ud83d\udca1\u00a0<strong data-nodeid=\"2062\">Note<\/strong>: Tous les diagrammes sont fournis en format <strong data-nodeid=\"2063\">PlantUML<\/strong> format. Vous pouvez les rendre instantan\u00e9ment en utilisant <a href=\"http:\/\/vpascode.com\">Visual Paradigm Diagramme en tant que code<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<hr data-nodeid=\"1696\"\/>\n<h2 data-nodeid=\"1697\">\ud83d\udd39 Introduction \u00e0 UML<\/h2>\n<h3 data-nodeid=\"1698\">Qu&#8217;est-ce que UML ?<\/h3>\n<blockquote data-nodeid=\"1699\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"1700\"><em data-nodeid=\"2097\">\u00ab Le langage de mod\u00e9lisation unifi\u00e9 (UML) est un langage de mod\u00e9lisation visuelle g\u00e9n\u00e9raliste utilis\u00e9 pour sp\u00e9cifier, visualiser, construire et documenter les artefacts d&#8217;un syst\u00e8me logiciel. \u00bb<\/em>\u00a0\u2014 Rumbaugh et al., 1999<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p data-nodeid=\"1701\"><strong data-nodeid=\"2101\">Caract\u00e9ristiques principales :<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-nodeid=\"1702\">\n<li data-nodeid=\"1703\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"1704\">\ud83c\udfa8\u00a0<strong data-nodeid=\"2107\">Notation visuelle<\/strong>: Syntaxe graphique pour mod\u00e9liser les syst\u00e8mes<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"1705\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"1706\">\ud83d\udcd0\u00a0<strong data-nodeid=\"2113\">Standardis\u00e9<\/strong>: Standard adopt\u00e9 par l&#8217;OMG depuis 1997<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"1707\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"1708\">\ud83d\udd27\u00a0<strong data-nodeid=\"2119\">Langage, pas une m\u00e9thode<\/strong>: D\u00e9finit la notation, pas le processus<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"1709\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"1710\">\ud83c\udf10\u00a0<strong data-nodeid=\"2125\">Large port\u00e9e<\/strong>: Mod\u00e9lise les processus m\u00e9tiers, les fonctions syst\u00e8me, les structures de code et les sch\u00e9mas de base de donn\u00e9es<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-nodeid=\"1711\">Ce que UML N&#8217;EST PAS<\/h3>\n<table data-nodeid=\"1713\">\n<thead data-nodeid=\"1714\">\n<tr data-nodeid=\"1715\">\n<th data-nodeid=\"1717\">Id\u00e9e fausse<\/th>\n<th data-nodeid=\"1718\">R\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-nodeid=\"1721\">\n<tr data-nodeid=\"1722\">\n<td data-nodeid=\"1723\">Une m\u00e9thodologie de d\u00e9veloppement<\/td>\n<td data-nodeid=\"1724\">Juste une notation de mod\u00e9lisation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-nodeid=\"1725\">\n<td data-nodeid=\"1726\">Un langage de programmation<\/td>\n<td data-nodeid=\"1727\">Langage abstrait de sp\u00e9cification<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-nodeid=\"1728\">\n<td data-nodeid=\"1729\">Uniquement pour la programmation orient\u00e9e objet<\/td>\n<td data-nodeid=\"1730\">Applicable aux bases de donn\u00e9es, \u00e0 la mod\u00e9lisation m\u00e9tier, etc.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-nodeid=\"1731\">\n<td data-nodeid=\"1732\">Pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment d\u00e9fini sous tous les aspects<\/td>\n<td data-nodeid=\"1733\">Certaines ambigu\u00eft\u00e9s s\u00e9mantiques persistent dans les premi\u00e8res versions<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<hr data-nodeid=\"1734\"\/>\n<h2 data-nodeid=\"1735\">\ud83d\udd39 Histoire et normalisation<\/h2>\n<h3 data-nodeid=\"1736\">Chronologie de l&#8217;\u00e9volution<\/h3>\n<p id=\"xFCmEsT\"><img alt=\"The Evolution of Unified Modeling Language (UML)\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-12647 size-full\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"658\" loading=\"lazy\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1208px) 100vw, 1208px\" src=\"https:\/\/www.archimetric.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/img_6a1fbb7554f19.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.archimetric.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/img_6a1fbb7554f19.png 1208w, https:\/\/www.archimetric.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/img_6a1fbb7554f19-300x163.png 300w, https:\/\/www.archimetric.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/img_6a1fbb7554f19-1024x558.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.archimetric.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/img_6a1fbb7554f19-768x418.png 768w\" width=\"1208\"\/><\/p>\n<pre data-nodeid=\"1737\"><code>1965-1970 : Simula-67 (premier langage orient\u00e9 objet)\r\n     \u2193\r\nAnn\u00e9es 1970-1980 : Smalltalk au Xerox PARC\r\n     \u2193\r\n1984 : C++ introduit par Bjarne Stroustrup\r\n     \u2193\r\n1988-1992 : Prolif\u00e9ration des m\u00e9thodes orient\u00e9es objet (Booch, OMT, OOSE, etc.)\r\n     \u2193\r\n1994 : Rumbaugh rejoint Booch chez Rational \u2192 D\u00e9but de l'unification\r\n     \u2193\r\n1995 : Version pr\u00e9liminaire UML 0.8 publi\u00e9e\r\n     \u2193\r\n1996 : OMG publie un appel d'offres pour un langage de mod\u00e9lisation standard\r\n     \u2193\r\n1997 : UML 1.1 adopt\u00e9 par l'OMG (14 novembre)\r\n     \u2193\r\n2000 : UML 1.3 publi\u00e9 officiellement\r\n     \u2193\r\n2003 : UML 1.5 publi\u00e9 ; structure sup\u00e9rieure UML 2.0 accept\u00e9e\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3 data-nodeid=\"1738\">Pourquoi UML a remport\u00e9 la \u00ab guerre des m\u00e9thodes \u00bb<\/h3>\n<ul data-nodeid=\"1739\">\n<li data-nodeid=\"1740\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"1741\">A consolid\u00e9 plus de 50 m\u00e9thodes orient\u00e9es objet concurrentes en une seule norme<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"1742\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"1743\">Appuy\u00e9 par les principaux acteurs de l&#8217;industrie (IBM, Microsoft, Oracle, HP)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"1744\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"1745\">A fourni des m\u00e9canismes d&#8217;extension pour la personnalisation<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"1746\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"1747\">Est devenu la norme de facto pour la mod\u00e9lisation orient\u00e9e objet<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<blockquote data-nodeid=\"1748\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"1749\">\u26a0\ufe0f\u00a0<strong data-nodeid=\"2156\">Point de vue critique<\/strong>: Certains affirment que UML est \u00ab un langage monstrueux con\u00e7u par un comit\u00e9 \u00bb avec des s\u00e9mantiques impr\u00e9cises dans ses premi\u00e8res versions.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<hr data-nodeid=\"1750\"\/>\n<h2 data-nodeid=\"1751\">\ud83d\udd39 Classes et attributs<\/h2>\n<h3 data-nodeid=\"1752\">Structure de la classe<\/h3>\n<p data-nodeid=\"1753\">Une classe UML est repr\u00e9sent\u00e9e par un rectangle comportant jusqu&#8217;\u00e0 trois compartiments.<\/p>\n<p id=\"zEMvvmf\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-12648\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"183\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.archimetric.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/img_6a1fbbe222b36.png\" width=\"258\"\/><\/p>\n<div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\n<div class=\"vpascode-header\">\n<span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span><br \/>\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:PS-n2i8m483XFP1tkB55ABfcAcuk4d3e80uXEMimlPJaIX7ntOqKeUBw_NTmrsOsYQSXI663oHbEF3aaXgSK05UVCX_DWAfuyjH_i8pz6Gx6X_EsQNQN7oQR7YEZqzsQDy2HJT3H4-UgLd0WnXxJqZAoBfVCCRbgdBzxzHBj3UrTT-kWO1zZG4DIlAHeaLnvvmq0\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>\u00c9diter PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\n            <div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-header\">\r\n                    <span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span>\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:PS-n2i8m483XFP1tkB55ABfcAcuk4d3e80uXEMimlPJaIX7ntOqKeUBw_NTmrsOsYQSXI663oHbEF3aaXgSK05UVCX_DWAfuyjH_i8pz6Gx6X_EsQNQN7oQR7YEZqzsQDy2HJT3H4-UgLd0WnXxJqZAoBfVCCRbgdBzxzHBj3UrTT-kWO1zZG4DIlAHeaLnvvmq0\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\r\n                    <pre class=\"lang-plantuml\" data-nodeid=\"1754\"><code class=\"language-plantuml\" data-language=\"plantuml\" class=\"language-plantuml\">@startuml\r\nclass Student {\r\n  firstName: String\r\n  lastName: String\r\n  email[0..1]: String\r\n  encryptedPW: String\r\n  + totalPoints(): Integer\r\n  + setPassword(pw: String)\r\n  + checkPW(pw: String): Boolean\r\n}\r\n@enduml\r\n<\/code><\/pre>                <\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:PS-n2i8m483XFP1tkB55ABfcAcuk4d3e80uXEMimlPJaIX7ntOqKeUBw_NTmrsOsYQSXI663oHbEF3aaXgSK05UVCX_DWAfuyjH_i8pz6Gx6X_EsQNQN7oQR7YEZqzsQDy2HJT3H4-UgLd0WnXxJqZAoBfVCCRbgdBzxzHBj3UrTT-kWO1zZG4DIlAHeaLnvvmq0\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n            \n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:PS-n2i8m483XFP1tkB55ABfcAcuk4d3e80uXEMimlPJaIX7ntOqKeUBw_NTmrsOsYQSXI663oHbEF3aaXgSK05UVCX_DWAfuyjH_i8pz6Gx6X_EsQNQN7oQR7YEZqzsQDy2HJT3H4-UgLd0WnXxJqZAoBfVCCRbgdBzxzHBj3UrTT-kWO1zZG4DIlAHeaLnvvmq0\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>\u00c9diter PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 data-nodeid=\"1755\">Syntaxe de d\u00e9claration d&#8217;attribut<\/h3>\n<pre data-nodeid=\"1756\"><code>[visibilit\u00e9] nom[multiplicit\u00e9]: Type [= valeurParD\u00e9faut] {propri\u00e9t\u00e9s}\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p data-nodeid=\"1757\"><strong data-nodeid=\"2164\">Exemples PlantUML :<br \/>\n<\/strong><img alt=\"\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-12649\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"134\" loading=\"lazy\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 310px) 100vw, 310px\" src=\"https:\/\/www.archimetric.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/img_6a1fbc08ba555.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.archimetric.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/img_6a1fbc08ba555.png 310w, https:\/\/www.archimetric.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/img_6a1fbc08ba555-300x130.png 300w\" width=\"310\"\/><\/p>\n<div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\n<div class=\"vpascode-header\">\n<span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span><br \/>\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:FOwn2eD044HxmNzOJ1aY8QKGiB2na0WMAKAAvMuz9BhAkWQC9D-UkoBfXfatm-IpekWoz75aUfndQ7Inn0fR707iePRH2GwNDlZhxPYcftlc8UdOmHcIgcoIG1w0sCWwATdw-WUsLiONyJiGE-XOIHZxiiYWzDgHXE034ve7EggbUw9IWOg_XJZotPpO-eTV\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>\u00c9diter PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\n            <div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-header\">\r\n                    <span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span>\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:FOwn2eD044HxmNzOJ1aY8QKGiB2na0WMAKAAvMuz9BhAkWQC9D-UkoBfXfatm-IpekWoz75aUfndQ7Inn0fR707iePRH2GwNDlZhxPYcftlc8UdOmHcIgcoIG1w0sCWwATdw-WUsLiONyJiGE-XOIHZxiiYWzDgHXE034ve7EggbUw9IWOg_XJZotPpO-eTV\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\r\n                    <pre class=\"lang-plantuml\" data-nodeid=\"1758\"><code class=\"language-plantuml\" data-language=\"plantuml\" class=\"language-plantuml\">@startuml\r\nclass Student {\r\n  + ProgramOfStudy[0..2]: String = \"MIS\"\r\n  - encryptedPW: String {frozen}\r\n  # internalID: Integer\r\n  ~ packagePrivateData: String\r\n}\r\n@enduml\r\n<\/code><\/pre>                <\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:FOwn2eD044HxmNzOJ1aY8QKGiB2na0WMAKAAvMuz9BhAkWQC9D-UkoBfXfatm-IpekWoz75aUfndQ7Inn0fR707iePRH2GwNDlZhxPYcftlc8UdOmHcIgcoIG1w0sCWwATdw-WUsLiONyJiGE-XOIHZxiiYWzDgHXE034ve7EggbUw9IWOg_XJZotPpO-eTV\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n            \n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:FOwn2eD044HxmNzOJ1aY8QKGiB2na0WMAKAAvMuz9BhAkWQC9D-UkoBfXfatm-IpekWoz75aUfndQ7Inn0fR707iePRH2GwNDlZhxPYcftlc8UdOmHcIgcoIG1w0sCWwATdw-WUsLiONyJiGE-XOIHZxiiYWzDgHXE034ve7EggbUw9IWOg_XJZotPpO-eTV\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 data-nodeid=\"1759\">Port\u00e9e des attributs<\/h3>\n<ul data-nodeid=\"1760\">\n<li data-nodeid=\"1761\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"1762\"><strong data-nodeid=\"2170\">Port\u00e9e d&#8217;instance<\/strong>\u00a0(par d\u00e9faut) : Chaque objet a sa propre valeur<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"1763\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"1764\"><strong data-nodeid=\"2175\">Port\u00e9e de classe<\/strong>\u00a0(statique) : Valeur unique partag\u00e9e par toutes les instances<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p id=\"IpqQSPg\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-12650\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"85\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.archimetric.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/img_6a1fbc920bfbd.png\" width=\"227\"\/><\/p>\n<div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\n<div class=\"vpascode-header\">\n<span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span><br \/>\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:5Omn2W0X30JxGFwGTrZPNdql40qYQ0HTA_7lvvKp3ECdmi1gbIdMCAUyM4aDifb4B3HrLurY-UTzQvHu9FPbSF8ODEjWEanUBTtF1m00\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\n            <div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-header\">\r\n                    <span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span>\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:5Omn2W0X30JxGFwGTrZPNdql40qYQ0HTA_7lvvKp3ECdmi1gbIdMCAUyM4aDifb4B3HrLurY-UTzQvHu9FPbSF8ODEjWEanUBTtF1m00\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\r\n                    <pre class=\"lang-plantuml\" data-nodeid=\"1765\"><code class=\"language-plantuml\" data-language=\"plantuml\" class=\"language-plantuml\">@startuml\r\nclass Student {\r\n  name: String\r\n  {static} count: Integer\r\n}\r\n@enduml\r\n<\/code><\/pre>                <\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:5Omn2W0X30JxGFwGTrZPNdql40qYQ0HTA_7lvvKp3ECdmi1gbIdMCAUyM4aDifb4B3HrLurY-UTzQvHu9FPbSF8ODEjWEanUBTtF1m00\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n            \n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:5Omn2W0X30JxGFwGTrZPNdql40qYQ0HTA_7lvvKp3ECdmi1gbIdMCAUyM4aDifb4B3HrLurY-UTzQvHu9FPbSF8ODEjWEanUBTtF1m00\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 data-nodeid=\"1766\">Cl\u00e9s en UML \u26a0\ufe0f<\/h3>\n<p data-nodeid=\"1767\"><strong data-nodeid=\"2181\">Limite importante<\/strong>: UML n&#8217;a pas de notion int\u00e9gr\u00e9e de cl\u00e9s. Utilisez des st\u00e9r\u00e9otypes ou des valeurs \u00e9tiquet\u00e9es comme contournements.<\/p>\n<p id=\"hLmsAEe\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-12651\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"117\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.archimetric.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/img_6a1fbcd8087f6.png\" width=\"184\"\/><\/p>\n<div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\n<div class=\"vpascode-header\">\n<span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span><br \/>\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:SoWkIImgAStDuULApaaiBbO8BYbDISqhKQZcvL9Gg2x8hbN8JB5IyCmhIKrFBGAB9MORrYgavYPcvbW1LHTbvgM3X7KLyX9pKn4YjRnS3gbvAK2J0G00\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\n            <div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-header\">\r\n                    <span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span>\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:SoWkIImgAStDuULApaaiBbO8BYbDISqhKQZcvL9Gg2x8hbN8JB5IyCmhIKrFBGAB9MORrYgavYPcvbW1LHTbvgM3X7KLyX9pKn4YjRnS3gbvAK2J0G00\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\r\n                    <pre class=\"lang-plantuml\" data-nodeid=\"1768\"><code class=\"language-plantuml\" data-language=\"plantuml\" class=\"language-plantuml\">@startuml\r\nclass Student {\r\n  {pk} id: Integer\r\n  {ak1} email: String\r\n  - name: String\r\n}\r\n@enduml\r\n<\/code><\/pre>                <\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:SoWkIImgAStDuULApaaiBbO8BYbDISqhKQZcvL9Gg2x8hbN8JB5IyCmhIKrFBGAB9MORrYgavYPcvbW1LHTbvgM3X7KLyX9pKn4YjRnS3gbvAK2J0G00\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n            \n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:SoWkIImgAStDuULApaaiBbO8BYbDISqhKQZcvL9Gg2x8hbN8JB5IyCmhIKrFBGAB9MORrYgavYPcvbW1LHTbvgM3X7KLyX9pKn4YjRnS3gbvAK2J0G00\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr data-nodeid=\"1769\"\/>\n<h2 data-nodeid=\"1770\">\ud83d\udd39 Associations et relations<\/h2>\n<h3 data-nodeid=\"1771\">Association de base et multiplicit\u00e9<\/h3>\n<div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\n<div class=\"vpascode-header\">\n<span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span><br \/>\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:SoWkIImgAStDuULApaaiBbPmhKWjIiuiJeNndJCI2qfIYtYvO18AIWPwUbfA2hgw2ag6Udg6IZ0b2bOAJgav-NdfnI7vl5mEgNafG6C1\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\n            <div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-header\">\r\n                    <span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span>\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:SoWkIImgAStDuULApaaiBbPmhKWjIiuiJeNndJCI2qfIYtYvO18AIWPwUbfA2hgw2ag6Udg6IZ0b2bOAZWK5GDCoK_DA50uluELoICrB0HeD0000\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\r\n                    <pre class=\"lang-plantuml\" data-nodeid=\"1772\"><code class=\"language-plantuml\" data-language=\"plantuml\" class=\"language-plantuml\">@startuml\r\nclass Exercise\r\nclass Chapter\r\nExercise \"0..*\" -- \"1..1\" Chapter : Appartient \u00e0\r\n@enduml\r\n<\/code><\/pre>                <\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:SoWkIImgAStDuULApaaiBbPmhKWjIiuiJeNndJCI2qfIYtYvO18AIWPwUbfA2hgw2ag6Udg6IZ0b2bOAZWK5GDCoK_DA50uluELoICrB0HeD0000\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n            \n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:SoWkIImgAStDuULApaaiBbPmhKWjIiuiJeNndJCI2qfIYtYvO18AIWPwUbfA2hgw2ag6Udg6IZ0b2bOAJgav-NdfnI7vl5mEgNafG6C1\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p data-nodeid=\"1773\"><em data-nodeid=\"2190\">Interpr\u00e9tation<\/em>: Chaque exercice appartient \u00e0 un seul chapitre ; un chapitre peut contenir z\u00e9ro ou plusieurs exercices.<\/p>\n<h3 data-nodeid=\"1774\">Noms de r\u00f4le<\/h3>\n<p data-nodeid=\"1775\">Au lieu (ou en compl\u00e9ment) des noms d&#8217;association, utilisez des noms de r\u00f4le aux extr\u00e9mit\u00e9s des associations :<\/p>\n<div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\n<div class=\"vpascode-header\">\n<span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span><br \/>\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:SoWkIImgAStDuULApaaiBbO8I2qgpi-3yPppSmiIyofvkI322ae6UdfQIWgwkdPWfg4IJ8M2bO9hRa5EVcLggZwKKSJBvP2Qbm8q6m00\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\n            <div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-header\">\r\n                    <span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span>\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:SoWkIImgAStDuULApaaiBbO8I2qgpi-3yPppSmiIyofvkI322ae6UdfQIWgwkdPWfg4IJ8M2bO9hRa5EVkNXbVeGHcff4I-NGsfU2j1m0000\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\r\n                    <pre class=\"lang-plantuml\" data-nodeid=\"1776\"><code class=\"language-plantuml\" data-language=\"plantuml\" class=\"language-plantuml\">@startuml\r\nclass Person\r\nclass Company\r\nPerson \"0..*\" --&gt; \"0..1\" Company : Employ\u00e9\/Employeur\r\n@enduml\r\n<\/code><\/pre>                <\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:SoWkIImgAStDuULApaaiBbO8I2qgpi-3yPppSmiIyofvkI322ae6UdfQIWgwkdPWfg4IJ8M2bO9hRa5EVkNXbVeGHcff4I-NGsfU2j1m0000\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n            \n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:SoWkIImgAStDuULApaaiBbO8I2qgpi-3yPppSmiIyofvkI322ae6UdfQIWgwkdPWfg4IJ8M2bO9hRa5EVcLggZwKKSJBvP2Qbm8q6m00\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p data-nodeid=\"1777\"><em data-nodeid=\"2203\">Impl\u00e9mentation<\/em>: Le\u00a0<code data-backticks=\"1\" data-nodeid=\"2197\">Personne<\/code>\u00a0table aurait une cl\u00e9 \u00e9trang\u00e8re\u00a0<code data-backticks=\"1\" data-nodeid=\"2199\">employeur<\/code>\u00a0r\u00e9f\u00e9ren\u00e7ant\u00a0<code data-backticks=\"1\" data-nodeid=\"2201\">Soci\u00e9t\u00e9<\/code>.<\/p>\n<h3 data-nodeid=\"1778\">Navigabilit\u00e9<\/h3>\n<p data-nodeid=\"1779\">Sp\u00e9cifiez la direction du parcours avec des fl\u00e8ches :<\/p>\n<p id=\"akPRCei\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-12652\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"170\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.archimetric.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/img_6a1fbd4c87489.png\" width=\"104\"\/><\/p>\n<div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\n<div class=\"vpascode-header\">\n<span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span><br \/>\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:SoWkIImgAStDuULApaaiBbPmhKWjIiuiJeNndJCI2qfIYtYvO18AIWPwUbfA2hgwTWfAXae81GwfUIb0Wm00\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\n            <div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-header\">\r\n                    <span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span>\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:SoWkIImgAStDuULApaaiBbPmhKWjIivCJeNndJCI2p9BYe1yc8o2ae6UdfQIWgwkdOAIeHAI2eVKl1IWKG00\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\r\n                    <pre class=\"lang-plantuml\" data-nodeid=\"1780\"><code class=\"language-plantuml\" data-language=\"plantuml\" class=\"language-plantuml\">@startuml\r\nclass Exercice\r\nclass Chapitre\r\nExercice \"0..*\" --&gt; \"1\" Chapitre\r\n@enduml\r\n<\/code><\/pre>                <\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:SoWkIImgAStDuULApaaiBbPmhKWjIivCJeNndJCI2p9BYe1yc8o2ae6UdfQIWgwkdOAIeHAI2eVKl1IWKG00\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n            \n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:SoWkIImgAStDuULApaaiBbPmhKWjIiuiJeNndJCI2qfIYtYvO18AIWPwUbfA2hgwTWfAXae81GwfUIb0Wm00\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul data-nodeid=\"1781\">\n<li data-nodeid=\"1782\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"1783\">La fl\u00e8che indique la direction de parcours efficace<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"1784\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"1785\">Dans les OODBs : impl\u00e9ment\u00e9 comme pointeur dans une seule direction<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"1786\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"1787\">Dans les RDBMS : les jointures fonctionnent dans les deux sens ind\u00e9pendamment<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-nodeid=\"1788\">Types de collection avec\u00a0<code data-backticks=\"1\" data-nodeid=\"2210\">{ordonn\u00e9}<br \/>\n<\/code><\/h3>\n<p id=\"eKzRwWF\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-12653\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"187\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.archimetric.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/img_6a1fbd8d068d1.png\" width=\"129\"\/><\/p>\n<div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\n<div class=\"vpascode-header\">\n<span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span><br \/>\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:SoWkIImgAStDuULApaaiBbPmpaWiA4ajWd5TArABaZEBKtcve18AIePA2hgw2ae6UdfQId1v1Ik5wloYbDIYr9HQNYw7rBmKe9a0\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\n            <div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-header\">\r\n                    <span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span>\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:SoWkIImgAStDuULApaaiBbPmpaWio2mfIeNnNIjIYv8pau5yc8o2ag6IWgwkWfA1dfwM4bo1WfL2TNvHIdvUtk6LjRnS3gbvAK1Z0G00\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\r\n                    <pre class=\"lang-plantuml\" data-nodeid=\"1789\"><code class=\"language-plantuml\" data-language=\"plantuml\" class=\"language-plantuml\">@startuml\r\nclass Chapitre\r\nclass Exercice\r\nChapitre \"1\" -- \"0..*\" Exercice : {ordonn\u00e9}\r\n@enduml\r\n<\/code><\/pre>                <\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:SoWkIImgAStDuULApaaiBbPmpaWio2mfIeNnNIjIYv8pau5yc8o2ag6IWgwkWfA1dfwM4bo1WfL2TNvHIdvUtk6LjRnS3gbvAK1Z0G00\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n            \n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:SoWkIImgAStDuULApaaiBbPmpaWiA4ajWd5TArABaZEBKtcve18AIePA2hgw2ae6UdfQId1v1Ik5wloYbDIYr9HQNYw7rBmKe9a0\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul data-nodeid=\"1790\">\n<li data-nodeid=\"1791\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"1792\"><code data-backticks=\"1\" data-nodeid=\"2211\">{ordonn\u00e9}<\/code>: Maintenir l&#8217;ordre (utiliser une liste, pas un ensemble)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"1793\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"1794\">Impl\u00e9mentation dans les RDBMS : ajouter un attribut de num\u00e9ro de s\u00e9quence<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre class=\"lang-sql\" data-nodeid=\"1795\"><code data-language=\"sql\">EXERCICES (\r\n    id PRIMARY KEY,\r\n    chapter_id REFERENCES CHAPITRES,\r\n    sort_no INTEGER,\r\n    UNIQUE (chapter_id, sort_no)\r\n)\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3 data-nodeid=\"1796\">Qualificateurs<\/h3>\n<p data-nodeid=\"1797\">Les qualificateurs partitionnent les objets li\u00e9s \u00e0 l&#8217;aide d&#8217;un m\u00e9canisme similaire \u00e0 une cl\u00e9 :<\/p>\n<p id=\"kMuWSIi\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-12654\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"187\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.archimetric.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/img_6a1fbdce6a835.png\" width=\"206\"\/><\/p>\n<div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\n<div class=\"vpascode-header\">\n<span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span><br \/>\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:SoWkIImgAStDuULApaaiBbPmpaWiA4ajWd5TArABaZEBKtcve18AIePA2hgwTWfA1dfwG2PCWOALWerDOMbYJcPQPcgHdPr2NhwLWcTUIMewo327rBmKe2K0\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>\u00c9diter PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\n            <div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-header\">\r\n                    <span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span>\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:DOr12e0m30JlWdy8lIjwBQK8uaD2ZHYeLTCKVBwzz3R3BEoI5KNB5VikHCmPrXCVLg7csqSIE5Hl1SniO1Wyc6aSAxO5M73kBHZvu81AHRo7T5lOaZ99tosKzlhq0m00\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\r\n                    <pre class=\"lang-plantuml\" data-nodeid=\"1798\"><code class=\"language-plantuml\" data-language=\"plantuml\" class=\"language-plantuml\">@startuml\r\nclass Chapitre\r\nclass Exercice\r\nChapitre \"1\" --&gt; \"0..1\" Exercice : &lt;&lt;qualificateur&gt;&gt; no: Entier\r\n@enduml\r\n<\/code><\/pre>                <\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:DOr12e0m30JlWdy8lIjwBQK8uaD2ZHYeLTCKVBwzz3R3BEoI5KNB5VikHCmPrXCVLg7csqSIE5Hl1SniO1Wyc6aSAxO5M73kBHZvu81AHRo7T5lOaZ99tosKzlhq0m00\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n            \n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:SoWkIImgAStDuULApaaiBbPmpaWiA4ajWd5TArABaZEBKtcve18AIePA2hgwTWfA1dfwG2PCWOALWerDOMbYJcPQPcgHdPr2NhwLWcTUIMewo327rBmKe2K0\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>\u00c9diter PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p data-nodeid=\"1799\"><em data-nodeid=\"2220\">Signification<\/em>: \u00c9tant donn\u00e9 un chapitre et un num\u00e9ro d&#8217;exercice, au plus un Exercice est retourn\u00e9.<\/p>\n<h3 data-nodeid=\"1800\">Classes d&#8217;association<\/h3>\n<p data-nodeid=\"1801\">Lorsqu&#8217;une association poss\u00e8de des attributs ou des op\u00e9rations :<\/p>\n<div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\n<div class=\"vpascode-header\">\n<span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span><br \/>\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:JOun2W8n44NxGExmsLBOi7MgBRImzWHXCsWW9fAPo89uzurWN9jX_f_XyMOMLwJUerPBTCouIFMKfCVJIcK9JBzpZbL2JdXf1NWdP75iyvCUEIHXYtCIkbBHwgtL5uTXCkOmO1pxri6mk3a6v_Wat_uxtvXTvR_SXMPAlebl\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>\u00c9diter PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\n            <div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-header\">\r\n                    <span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span>\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:SoWkIImgAStDuULApaaiBbOut5bIcfAPc5S24t2jI2rApanEXV63ytDAIpBpynIgURaK558IIrAj55o098XNa9-PLr9ifU2QLvAPMiJBLSlB1JTFGSb0JqzBIK5N5yQ2cQnWfP2eK7HuPJ7GP5ukkFbwUiYEGHP6ECaXDIy5w7W0\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\r\n                    <pre class=\"lang-plantuml\" data-nodeid=\"1802\"><code class=\"language-plantuml\" data-language=\"plantuml\" class=\"language-plantuml\">@startuml\r\nclass \u00c9tudiant\r\nclass Exercice\r\nclass Solution {\r\n  date: Date\r\n  points: Entier\r\n}\r\n\u00c9tudiant \"0..*\" -- \"0..*\" Exercice : a r\u00e9solu\r\nSolution .. \u00c9tudiant\r\nSolution .. Exercice\r\n@enduml\r\n<\/code><\/pre>                <\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:SoWkIImgAStDuULApaaiBbOut5bIcfAPc5S24t2jI2rApanEXV63ytDAIpBpynIgURaK558IIrAj55o098XNa9-PLr9ifU2QLvAPMiJBLSlB1JTFGSb0JqzBIK5N5yQ2cQnWfP2eK7HuPJ7GP5ukkFbwUiYEGHP6ECaXDIy5w7W0\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n            \n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:JOun2W8n44NxGExmsLBOi7MgBRImzWHXCsWW9fAPo89uzurWN9jX_f_XyMOMLwJUerPBTCouIFMKfCVJIcK9JBzpZbL2JdXf1NWdP75iyvCUEIHXYtCIkbBHwgtL5uTXCkOmO1pxri6mk3a6v_Wat_uxtvXTvR_SXMPAlebl\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>\u00c9diter PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul data-nodeid=\"1803\">\n<li data-nodeid=\"1804\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"1805\">Un\u00a0<code data-backticks=\"1\" data-nodeid=\"2224\">Solution<\/code>\u00a0objet par paire (\u00c9tudiant, Exercice)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"1806\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"1807\">Impos\u00e9 : un m\u00eame \u00e9tudiant ne peut pas soumettre deux solutions pour le m\u00eame exercice<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-nodeid=\"1808\">Composition vs. Agr\u00e9gation<\/h3>\n<table data-nodeid=\"1810\">\n<thead data-nodeid=\"1811\">\n<tr data-nodeid=\"1812\">\n<th data-nodeid=\"1814\">Fonctionnalit\u00e9<\/th>\n<th data-nodeid=\"1815\">Composition (<code data-backticks=\"1\" data-nodeid=\"2230\">*--<\/code>)<\/th>\n<th data-nodeid=\"1816\">Agr\u00e9gation (<code data-backticks=\"1\" data-nodeid=\"2233\">o--<\/code>)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-nodeid=\"1820\">\n<tr data-nodeid=\"1821\">\n<td data-nodeid=\"1822\">Symbole<\/td>\n<td data-nodeid=\"1823\">Diamant noir<\/td>\n<td data-nodeid=\"1824\">Diamant blanc<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-nodeid=\"1825\">\n<td data-nodeid=\"1826\">Relation<\/td>\n<td data-nodeid=\"1827\">Tout-parties, propri\u00e9t\u00e9 forte<\/td>\n<td data-nodeid=\"1828\">Tout-parties, r\u00e9f\u00e9rence faible<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-nodeid=\"1829\">\n<td data-nodeid=\"1830\">Cycle de vie<\/td>\n<td data-nodeid=\"1831\">Pi\u00e8ces supprim\u00e9es avec l&#8217;ensemble<\/td>\n<td data-nodeid=\"1832\">Pi\u00e8ces ind\u00e9pendantes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-nodeid=\"1833\">\n<td data-nodeid=\"1834\">Multiplicit\u00e9<\/td>\n<td data-nodeid=\"1835\">1 ou 0..1 du c\u00f4t\u00e9 de l&#8217;ensemble<\/td>\n<td data-nodeid=\"1836\">N&#8217;importe lequel<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-nodeid=\"1837\">\n<td data-nodeid=\"1838\">Mappage RDBMS<\/td>\n<td data-nodeid=\"1839\"><code data-backticks=\"1\" data-nodeid=\"2248\">EN SUPPRESSION CASCADE<\/code><\/td>\n<td data-nodeid=\"1840\">Cl\u00e9 \u00e9trang\u00e8re standard<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\n<div class=\"vpascode-header\">\n<span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span><br \/>\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:SoWkIImgAStDuULApaaiBbPmpaWiA4ajWd5TArABaZEBKtcve18AMhgw2ae6UdfQId191Ii5v_pSWlpYp9BC_3o4qdoiIXtJqujIqnCXIXrIyrA0jWC0\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\n            <div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-header\">\r\n                    <span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span>\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:SoWkIImgAStDuULApaaiBbPmpaWio2mfIeNnNIjIYv8pau5yc8o2bgwkWfA1dfwM4bnMmKh1EJ-t8ByuioGpFmz9RJvMjOxfHOTNfYT2r3gavgK07G00\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\r\n                    <pre class=\"lang-plantuml\" data-nodeid=\"1841\"><code class=\"language-plantuml\" data-language=\"plantuml\" class=\"language-plantuml\">@startuml\r\nclass Chapitre\r\nclass Exercice\r\nChapitre *-- \"0..*\" Exercice : Composition\r\nChapitre o-- \"0..*\" Exercice : Agr\u00e9gation\r\n@enduml\r\n<\/code><\/pre>                <\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:SoWkIImgAStDuULApaaiBbPmpaWio2mfIeNnNIjIYv8pau5yc8o2bgwkWfA1dfwM4bnMmKh1EJ-t8ByuioGpFmz9RJvMjOxfHOTNfYT2r3gavgK07G00\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n            \n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:SoWkIImgAStDuULApaaiBbPmpaWiA4ajWd5TArABaZEBKtcve18AMhgw2ae6UdfQId191Ii5v_pSWlpYp9BC_3o4qdoiIXtJqujIqnCXIXrIyrA0jWC0\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr data-nodeid=\"1842\"\/>\n<h2 data-nodeid=\"1843\">\ud83d\udd39 Op\u00e9rations et m\u00e9thodes<\/h2>\n<h3 data-nodeid=\"1844\">Syntaxe de d\u00e9claration d&#8217;op\u00e9ration<\/h3>\n<div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\n<div class=\"vpascode-header\">\n<span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span><br \/>\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:JOzB2i9038RtXTuXonRr0eL2yGLT2k8-fA4Cn1d8P4GflRjJBUWo_-iZNJHKItSf2nAC4Gueb0GjA4nb0R21aUqQ3AMAbeR-s43lZKVMBJXFSdgQOWFx48JHGmkcYUi6pXBGO7BnabXVxQBEtxqf8ytHl0ptFX-UkCgD7tdDKSYk9ihA_ETMpZjpA3UKn2keNYexKAOrzbby13UKHSPsx8Vyuni0\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\n            <div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-header\">\r\n                    <span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span>\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:LOz12i9034NtXTuXoufwWK9158Kk1IyGCa42SGRIJ55Ax-vKkz1TylF_V-GmE9hdXzOLAGu3d50fAxe9CKnr1R25E_ijEMeZuUmv24PleO_ETxOTI2GzFzsmXMDAoXYX0xVCcnOkcj1Xak6QsLxTeixVpgc0NMXUoljObaZSbCGlVtLIAdVBv9nj_ZCq8seH-oWkPLfvcoMt1sDQhP_YCKcegq8_S0pbuJS0\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\r\n                    <pre class=\"lang-plantuml\" data-nodeid=\"1845\"><code class=\"language-plantuml\" data-language=\"plantuml\" class=\"language-plantuml\">@startuml\r\nclass Calculatrice {\r\n  + getTotal(idEtudiant: Integer, inclExtra: Boolean = true): Float {isQuery=true}\r\n  + {static} getInstance(): Calculatrice\r\n  + {constructeur} Calculatrice(valeurInitiale: Float)\r\n  - recalculate(): void\r\n}\r\n@enduml\r\n<\/code><\/pre>                <\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:LOz12i9034NtXTuXoufwWK9158Kk1IyGCa42SGRIJ55Ax-vKkz1TylF_V-GmE9hdXzOLAGu3d50fAxe9CKnr1R25E_ijEMeZuUmv24PleO_ETxOTI2GzFzsmXMDAoXYX0xVCcnOkcj1Xak6QsLxTeixVpgc0NMXUoljObaZSbCGlVtLIAdVBv9nj_ZCq8seH-oWkPLfvcoMt1sDQhP_YCKcegq8_S0pbuJS0\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n            \n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:JOzB2i9038RtXTuXonRr0eL2yGLT2k8-fA4Cn1d8P4GflRjJBUWo_-iZNJHKItSf2nAC4Gueb0GjA4nb0R21aUqQ3AMAbeR-s43lZKVMBJXFSdgQOWFx48JHGmkcYUi6pXBGO7BnabXVxQBEtxqf8ytHl0ptFX-UkCgD7tdDKSYk9ihA_ETMpZjpA3UKn2keNYexKAOrzbby13UKHSPsx8Vyuni0\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p data-nodeid=\"1846\"><strong data-nodeid=\"2256\">Sp\u00e9cification des param\u00e8tres<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<pre data-nodeid=\"1847\"><code>[direction] nom: Type [= valeurParD\u00e9faut]\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul data-nodeid=\"1848\">\n<li data-nodeid=\"1849\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"1850\">Directions :\u00a0<code data-backticks=\"1\" data-nodeid=\"2258\">en<\/code>\u00a0(par d\u00e9faut),\u00a0<code data-backticks=\"1\" data-nodeid=\"2260\">sortie<\/code>,\u00a0<code data-backticks=\"1\" data-nodeid=\"2262\">en sortie<\/code><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"1851\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"1852\">Les valeurs par d\u00e9faut permettent des param\u00e8tres facultatifs<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-nodeid=\"1853\">St\u00e9r\u00e9otypes d&#8217;op\u00e9ration sp\u00e9ciaux<\/h3>\n<table data-nodeid=\"1855\">\n<thead data-nodeid=\"1856\">\n<tr data-nodeid=\"1857\">\n<th data-nodeid=\"1859\">St\u00e9r\u00e9otype<\/th>\n<th data-nodeid=\"1860\">Objectif<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-nodeid=\"1863\">\n<tr data-nodeid=\"1864\">\n<td data-nodeid=\"1865\"><code data-backticks=\"1\" data-nodeid=\"2267\">{isQuery=true}<\/code><\/td>\n<td data-nodeid=\"1866\">Garantit aucune modification d&#8217;\u00e9tat<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-nodeid=\"1867\">\n<td data-nodeid=\"1868\"><code data-backticks=\"1\" data-nodeid=\"2269\">{constructeur}<\/code><\/td>\n<td data-nodeid=\"1869\">Cr\u00e9e et initialise de nouvelles instances<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-nodeid=\"1870\">\n<td data-nodeid=\"1871\"><code data-backticks=\"1\" data-nodeid=\"2271\">{statique}<\/code><\/td>\n<td data-nodeid=\"1872\">Op\u00e9ration au niveau de la classe, sans implicite<code data-backticks=\"1\" data-nodeid=\"2273\">self<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3 data-nodeid=\"1873\">Op\u00e9rations dans le contexte de la base de donn\u00e9es<\/h3>\n<p data-nodeid=\"1874\"><strong data-nodeid=\"2279\">Le conflit culturel<\/strong>: OO met l&#8217;accent sur l&#8217;encapsulation ; le mod\u00e8le relationnel met l&#8217;accent sur l&#8217;acc\u00e8s direct aux donn\u00e9es.<\/p>\n<p data-nodeid=\"1875\"><strong data-nodeid=\"2284\">Strat\u00e9gies d&#8217;impl\u00e9mentation<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<table data-nodeid=\"1876\">\n<thead data-nodeid=\"1877\">\n<tr data-nodeid=\"1878\">\n<th data-nodeid=\"1880\">Type d&#8217;op\u00e9ration<\/th>\n<th data-nodeid=\"1881\">Impl\u00e9mentation RDBMS<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-nodeid=\"1884\">\n<tr data-nodeid=\"1885\">\n<td data-nodeid=\"1886\">Acc\u00e8s simple \u00e0 un attribut<\/td>\n<td data-nodeid=\"1887\">SELECT\/UPDATE direct<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-nodeid=\"1888\">\n<td data-nodeid=\"1889\">Attribut d\u00e9riv\u00e9 (sans param\u00e8tres)<\/td>\n<td data-nodeid=\"1890\">Vue de base de donn\u00e9es<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-nodeid=\"1891\">\n<td data-nodeid=\"1892\">Attribut d\u00e9riv\u00e9 (avec param\u00e8tres)<\/td>\n<td data-nodeid=\"1893\">Proc\u00e9dure stock\u00e9e ou logique d&#8217;application<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-nodeid=\"1894\">\n<td data-nodeid=\"1895\">Application de contraintes complexes<\/td>\n<td data-nodeid=\"1896\">D\u00e9clencheurs ou proc\u00e9dures d&#8217;application<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<hr data-nodeid=\"1897\"\/>\n<h2 data-nodeid=\"1898\">\ud83d\udd39 G\u00e9n\u00e9ralisation et h\u00e9ritage<\/h2>\n<h3 data-nodeid=\"1899\">G\u00e9n\u00e9ralisation basique<\/h3>\n<div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\n<div class=\"vpascode-header\">\n<span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span><br \/>\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:SoWkIImgAStDuULApaaiBbO8I2qgpi-3yO9BIbDIyqhWaaNvQQd5nVb5l5mGTGesDRgw25N8WaXg7LBpKe1M0000\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\n            <div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-header\">\r\n                    <span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span>\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:SoWkIImgAStDuULApaaiBbO8I2qgpi_BIuNnNKjAKp8JyqhWyaNvQQd5nQcbHRnSCBKADZMwkaWgKSMHTJYavgK0BGC0\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\r\n                    <pre class=\"lang-plantuml\" data-nodeid=\"1900\"><code class=\"language-plantuml\" data-language=\"plantuml\" class=\"language-plantuml\">@startuml\r\nclass Personne\r\nclass Etudiant\r\nclass Professeur\r\nPersonne &lt;|-- Etudiant\r\nPersonne &lt;|-- Professeur\r\n@enduml\r\n<\/code><\/pre>                <\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:SoWkIImgAStDuULApaaiBbO8I2qgpi_BIuNnNKjAKp8JyqhWyaNvQQd5nQcbHRnSCBKADZMwkaWgKSMHTJYavgK0BGC0\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n            \n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:SoWkIImgAStDuULApaaiBbO8I2qgpi-3yO9BIbDIyqhWaaNvQQd5nVb5l5mGTGesDRgw25N8WaXg7LBpKe1M0000\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 data-nodeid=\"1901\">Classes abstraites et op\u00e9rations<\/h3>\n<div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\n<div class=\"vpascode-header\">\n<span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span><br \/>\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:TSun2iCm50FGtU0xQ4mflK2cTEazb6z33OvT_7-Q8UJkQMWxPfKUGeCQcyrJzewZMgCO95CLTv4w5yFg7N33oCmYiSSZLzgHNH7YgsgoZjCXVzMbnxkcy1NhVtJ3akmP6fSJlNatn18-JtO0\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\n            <div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-header\">\r\n                    <span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span>\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:SoWkIImgAStDuULApaaiBavLI4mgBYbAp2n9LN3Epoq0KjMyN0eAkWh5-JafgGfM2cuv-IKbYNab855jXPJKWlmIZTpyF90Gagmca5sMdva2KLKDCxHMeIYr9BCejGYlbbfUBeVKl1IWgm00\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\r\n                    <pre class=\"lang-plantuml\" data-nodeid=\"1902\"><code class=\"language-plantuml\" data-language=\"plantuml\" class=\"language-plantuml\">@startuml\r\nclasse abstraite Compte {\r\n  - solde : Flottant\r\n  + depot(montant : Flottant) : void\r\n  + {abstrait} retirer(montant : Flottant) : void\r\n}\r\n@enduml\r\n<\/code><\/pre>                <\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:SoWkIImgAStDuULApaaiBavLI4mgBYbAp2n9LN3Epoq0KjMyN0eAkWh5-JafgGfM2cuv-IKbYNab855jXPJKWlmIZTpyF90Gagmca5sMdva2KLKDCxHMeIYr9BCejGYlbbfUBeVKl1IWgm00\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n            \n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:TSun2iCm50FGtU0xQ4mflK2cTEazb6z33OvT_7-Q8UJkQMWxPfKUGeCQcyrJzewZMgCO95CLTv4w5yFg7N33oCmYiSSZLzgHNH7YgsgoZjCXVzMbnxkcy1NhVtJ3akmP6fSJlNatn18-JtO0\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 data-nodeid=\"1903\">Contraintes de g\u00e9n\u00e9ralisation<\/h3>\n<div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\n<div class=\"vpascode-header\">\n<span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span><br \/>\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:SoWkIImgAStDuULApaaiBbO8I2qgpi-3yO9BIbDIyqhWaaNvQQd5nVb5C07_aepK8fWM2ArWKwEh2zEeOALWOrETabcSbP-PLwAZa9oVMv2JMf9QQsU7gXvkCj4waAp6gySXDIy5w3y0\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\n            <div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-header\">\r\n                    <span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span>\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:SoWkIImgAStDuULApaaiBbO8I2qgpi_BIuNnNKjAKp8JyqhWyaNvQQd5nQcbHJ0HnzAIebI4DXXBmQP6LnUkNS5AmSQcEYMpE2i_Cwz4Ho4vFxSW9xKajTRE3bqBmWOIDA4u0gy-XzIy5A1_0G00\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\r\n                    <pre class=\"lang-plantuml\" data-nodeid=\"1904\"><code class=\"language-plantuml\" data-language=\"plantuml\" class=\"language-plantuml\">@startuml\r\nclass Personne\r\nclass Etudiant\r\nclass Professeur\r\nclass AutrePersonne\r\nPersonne &lt;|-- Etudiant : &lt;&lt;{disjoint, complete}&gt;&gt;\r\nPersonne &lt;|-- Professeur : &lt;&lt;{disjoint, complete}&gt;&gt;\r\nPersonne &lt;|-- AutrePersonne : &lt;&lt;{disjoint, complete}&gt;&gt;\r\n@enduml\r\n<\/code><\/pre>                <\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:SoWkIImgAStDuULApaaiBbO8I2qgpi_BIuNnNKjAKp8JyqhWyaNvQQd5nQcbHJ0HnzAIebI4DXXBmQP6LnUkNS5AmSQcEYMpE2i_Cwz4Ho4vFxSW9xKajTRE3bqBmWOIDA4u0gy-XzIy5A1_0G00\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n            \n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:SoWkIImgAStDuULApaaiBbO8I2qgpi-3yO9BIbDIyqhWaaNvQQd5nVb5C07_aepK8fWM2ArWKwEh2zEeOALWOrETabcSbP-PLwAZa9oVMv2JMf9QQsU7gXvkCj4waAp6gySXDIy5w3y0\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 data-nodeid=\"1905\">Classification multiple \/ Discriminateurs<\/h3>\n<div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\n<div class=\"vpascode-header\">\n<span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span><br \/>\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:SoWkIImgAStDuULApaaiBbPmpIt8oQzCJONnWqiIqz9W7BV4vDASaaeOryFN7yRqoyy3ys3Q5MngT7KXcXMi56niiZFpKkpiqEMXvk5H0JGKB9kPLrnQb9YNd8gf168rfYg7rBmKeCS0\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\n            <div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-header\">\r\n                    <span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span>\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:SoWkIImgAStDuULApaaiBbPmpIt8oQyyl1B63qWjAixFoqlDmH1moyzBBib4aVFmzOSn_VBpm3oOUGesDRgw2CqALWesDYML1QbsTZZL85c0HpdG5h0iqDBIeiIyP2nA86x1LEMGcfS2z3e0\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\r\n                    <pre class=\"lang-plantuml\" data-nodeid=\"1906\"><code class=\"language-plantuml\" data-language=\"plantuml\" class=\"language-plantuml\">@startuml\r\nclass Employ\u00e9\r\nclass Personnel\r\nclass PersonnelFonctionnel\r\nclass HMO\r\nclass NonHMO\r\nEmploy\u00e9 &lt;|-- Personnel : &lt;&lt;type&gt;&gt;\r\nEmploy\u00e9 &lt;|-- PersonnelFonctionnel : &lt;&lt;type&gt;&gt;\r\nEmploy\u00e9 &lt;|-- HMO : &lt;&lt;assurance&gt;&gt;\r\nEmploy\u00e9 &lt;|-- NonHMO : &lt;&lt;assurance&gt;&gt;\r\n@enduml\r\n<\/code><\/pre>                <\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:SoWkIImgAStDuULApaaiBbPmpIt8oQyyl1B63qWjAixFoqlDmH1moyzBBib4aVFmzOSn_VBpm3oOUGesDRgw2CqALWesDYML1QbsTZZL85c0HpdG5h0iqDBIeiIyP2nA86x1LEMGcfS2z3e0\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n            \n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:SoWkIImgAStDuULApaaiBbPmpIt8oQzCJONnWqiIqz9W7BV4vDASaaeOryFN7yRqoyy3ys3Q5MngT7KXcXMi56niiZFpKkpiqEMXvk5H0JGKB9kPLrnQb9YNd8gf168rfYg7rBmKeCS0\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul data-nodeid=\"1907\">\n<li data-nodeid=\"1908\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"1909\">Les discriminateurs regroupent des sp\u00e9cialisations mutuellement exclusives<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"1910\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"1911\">Les objets peuvent avoir une valeur par dimension de discriminateur<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-nodeid=\"1912\"\/>\n<h2 data-nodeid=\"1913\">\ud83d\udd39 M\u00e9canismes d&#8217;extension<\/h2>\n<p data-nodeid=\"1914\">UML fournit trois m\u00e9canismes d&#8217;extension :<\/p>\n<h3 data-nodeid=\"1915\">1. St\u00e9r\u00e9otypes<code data-backticks=\"1\" data-nodeid=\"2305\">&lt;&lt; &gt;&gt;<\/code><\/h3>\n<p data-nodeid=\"1916\">\u00c9tendre les s\u00e9mantiques UML en cr\u00e9ant de nouveaux \u00ab sous-types \u00bb d&#8217;\u00e9l\u00e9ments de m\u00e9tamod\u00e8le.<\/p>\n<div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\n<div class=\"vpascode-header\">\n<span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span><br \/>\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:SoWkIImgAStDuULApaaiBbPmBYqkoSzDBLAmiKdDAyaigRIpKwZcvL9Gq5N8JB5IyCmhIKrFBO88v2Ncfbef19SKPUQbytBLmepmJIp9yCbCAaeigWIQKbgIcODaZBP2SMQUHeMLWbjEVcA99fI6o2Jd5sEH0Phha9gN0dGZ0000\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\n            <div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-header\">\r\n                    <span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span>\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:VOv12i9034Nt0tE7B1Nn0b9AiUZEGyGsq40wWpCP4CJxwCPBpCKCb88hD-7p-BoVBYicBRDuDmZc3Bqm1OMciSjQtsqB3-y0zi0Z7E1abD82GfoDz1FMJo3ldglYo5VXg5DztGfTK2Up5MLXHKwq2dUGEMpkPZXBLCMWsv-yD8QO_pHiiACmslDV\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\r\n                    <pre class=\"lang-plantuml\" data-nodeid=\"1917\"><code class=\"language-plantuml\" data-language=\"plantuml\" class=\"language-plantuml\">@startuml\r\nclass Client &lt;&lt;entit\u00e9&gt;&gt; {\r\n  - id : Entier\r\n  - nom : Cha\u00eene\r\n}\r\nclass Biblioth\u00e8queMath &lt;&lt;utilitaire&gt;&gt; {\r\n  + sin(x : Flottant) : Flottant\r\n  + cos(x : Flottant) : Flottant\r\n}\r\n@enduml\r\n<\/code><\/pre>                <\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:VOv12i9034Nt0tE7B1Nn0b9AiUZEGyGsq40wWpCP4CJxwCPBpCKCb88hD-7p-BoVBYicBRDuDmZc3Bqm1OMciSjQtsqB3-y0zi0Z7E1abD82GfoDz1FMJo3ldglYo5VXg5DztGfTK2Up5MLXHKwq2dUGEMpkPZXBLCMWsv-yD8QO_pHiiACmslDV\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n            \n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:SoWkIImgAStDuULApaaiBbPmBYqkoSzDBLAmiKdDAyaigRIpKwZcvL9Gq5N8JB5IyCmhIKrFBO88v2Ncfbef19SKPUQbytBLmepmJIp9yCbCAaeigWIQKbgIcODaZBP2SMQUHeMLWbjEVcA99fI6o2Jd5sEH0Phha9gN0dGZ0000\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 data-nodeid=\"1918\">2. Valeurs \u00e9tiquet\u00e9es<code data-backticks=\"1\" data-nodeid=\"2312\">{cl\u00e9=valeur}<\/code><\/h3>\n<p data-nodeid=\"1919\">Ajouter des propri\u00e9t\u00e9s personnalis\u00e9es aux \u00e9l\u00e9ments du mod\u00e8le.<\/p>\n<div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\n<div class=\"vpascode-header\">\n<span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span><br \/>\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:SoWkIImgAStDuULApaaiBbO8BYbDISqhKQZcvL9Gg4uiBSd8Bx8jJj9HA4ijAixCpxCrr3FGKIW0SOfBKlEIKstXx99Qa1vTXSmKAmNFl9BKzDGYNYwWc4DgNWhG1W00\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\n            <div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-header\">\r\n                    <span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span>\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:SoWkIImgAStDuULApaaiBbO8BYbDISqhKQZcvL9Gg4uiBKajBR8jJj9HA4ijAixCpxCrr3FGKIW0SO1Qyv9JRU7iajHQa2PTXSmK1Ii5rxoIpDGYNYwWc4DgNWhG2W00\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\r\n                    <pre class=\"lang-plantuml\" data-nodeid=\"1920\"><code class=\"language-plantuml\" data-language=\"plantuml\" class=\"language-plantuml\">@startuml\r\nclass Student {\r\n  {auteur=sb, version=1.0, persistance=persistante}\r\n  - id : Entier\r\n}\r\n@enduml\r\n<\/code><\/pre>                <\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:SoWkIImgAStDuULApaaiBbO8BYbDISqhKQZcvL9Gg4uiBKajBR8jJj9HA4ijAixCpxCrr3FGKIW0SO1Qyv9JRU7iajHQa2PTXSmK1Ii5rxoIpDGYNYwWc4DgNWhG2W00\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n            \n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:SoWkIImgAStDuULApaaiBbO8BYbDISqhKQZcvL9Gg4uiBSd8Bx8jJj9HA4ijAixCpxCrr3FGKIW0SOfBKlEIKstXx99Qa1vTXSmKAmNFl9BKzDGYNYwWc4DgNWhG1W00\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 data-nodeid=\"1921\">3. Contraintes\u00a0<code data-backticks=\"1\" data-nodeid=\"2315\">{...}<\/code><\/h3>\n<p data-nodeid=\"1922\">Ajouter des restrictions s\u00e9mantiques en utilisant du texte libre, de l&#8217;OCL ou des abr\u00e9viations pr\u00e9d\u00e9finies.<\/p>\n<div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\n<div class=\"vpascode-header\">\n<span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span><br \/>\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:SoWkIImgAStDuULApaaiBbPmhKWjIiuiJbMevkLIKD1LoCktKl3CAqbDJos221JaP-QL5CC55QhB4dDAKnNiR1KCQa4ggY4A56ni5N8JAmB07A0443cavgK0RG80\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\n            <div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-header\">\r\n                    <span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span>\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:SoWkIImgAStDuULApaaiBbPmhKWjIiuiJbMevkLIKD1LoCjNi59mpIl9J2s221JaP-QL5CC55QhB4dDIIuiKx6mL36f1IggXAcni5N8JAmB07A0443cavgK0hG80\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\r\n                    <pre class=\"lang-plantuml\" data-nodeid=\"1923\"><code class=\"language-plantuml\" data-language=\"plantuml\" class=\"language-plantuml\">@startuml\r\nclass Exercise {\r\n  - no : Entier\r\n  - points : Entier {valeur &gt;= 0}\r\n  {points &lt;= maxPoints}\r\n}\r\n@enduml\r\n<\/code><\/pre>                <\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:SoWkIImgAStDuULApaaiBbPmhKWjIiuiJbMevkLIKD1LoCjNi59mpIl9J2s221JaP-QL5CC55QhB4dDIIuiKx6mL36f1IggXAcni5N8JAmB07A0443cavgK0hG80\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n            \n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:SoWkIImgAStDuULApaaiBbPmhKWjIiuiJbMevkLIKD1LoCktKl3CAqbDJos221JaP-QL5CC55QhB4dDAKnNiR1KCQa4ggY4A56ni5N8JAmB07A0443cavgK0RG80\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr data-nodeid=\"1924\"\/>\n<h2 data-nodeid=\"1925\">\ud83d\udd39 UML pour la conception de bases de donn\u00e9es : points cl\u00e9s \u00e0 consid\u00e9rer<\/h2>\n<h3 data-nodeid=\"1926\">Traduction de UML vers un sch\u00e9ma relationnel<\/h3>\n<table data-nodeid=\"1928\">\n<thead data-nodeid=\"1929\">\n<tr data-nodeid=\"1930\">\n<th data-nodeid=\"1932\">Construction UML<\/th>\n<th data-nodeid=\"1933\">Impl\u00e9mentation relationnelle<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-nodeid=\"1936\">\n<tr data-nodeid=\"1937\">\n<td data-nodeid=\"1938\">Classe<\/td>\n<td data-nodeid=\"1939\">Table<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-nodeid=\"1940\">\n<td data-nodeid=\"1941\">Attribut<\/td>\n<td data-nodeid=\"1942\">Colonne<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-nodeid=\"1943\">\n<td data-nodeid=\"1944\">Cl\u00e9 primaire\u00a0<code data-backticks=\"1\" data-nodeid=\"2326\">{cle primaire}<\/code><\/td>\n<td data-nodeid=\"1945\">Contrainte PRIMARY KEY<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-nodeid=\"1946\">\n<td data-nodeid=\"1947\">Association (1:*)<\/td>\n<td data-nodeid=\"1948\">Cl\u00e9 \u00e9trang\u00e8re du c\u00f4t\u00e9 \u00ab\u00a0nombreux\u00a0\u00bb<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-nodeid=\"1949\">\n<td data-nodeid=\"1950\">Association (<em data-nodeid=\"2341\">:<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td data-nodeid=\"1951\">Table de jonction\/intersection<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-nodeid=\"1952\">\n<td data-nodeid=\"1953\">Composition<\/td>\n<td data-nodeid=\"1954\">Cl\u00e9 \u00e9trang\u00e8re +\u00a0<code data-backticks=\"1\" data-nodeid=\"2345\">EN SUPPRESSION CASCADE<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-nodeid=\"1955\">\n<td data-nodeid=\"1956\">Classe d&#8217;association<\/td>\n<td data-nodeid=\"1957\">Table avec des cl\u00e9s \u00e9trang\u00e8res compos\u00e9es + attributs<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-nodeid=\"1958\">\n<td data-nodeid=\"1959\">G\u00e9n\u00e9ralisation<\/td>\n<td data-nodeid=\"1960\">Tables s\u00e9par\u00e9es (avec FK) ou table unique avec discriminateur de type<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-nodeid=\"1961\">\n<td data-nodeid=\"1962\"><code data-backticks=\"1\" data-nodeid=\"2350\">{ordonn\u00e9}<\/code>\u00a0association<\/td>\n<td data-nodeid=\"1963\">Ajouter une colonne de s\u00e9quence + contrainte d&#8217;unicit\u00e9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-nodeid=\"1964\">\n<td data-nodeid=\"1965\">Qualificateur<\/td>\n<td data-nodeid=\"1966\">Partie d&#8217;une cl\u00e9 compos\u00e9e ou d&#8217;une colonne index\u00e9e<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3 data-nodeid=\"1967\">Diff\u00e9rences critiques : Orient\u00e9 objet vs. Relationnel<\/h3>\n<table data-nodeid=\"1969\">\n<thead data-nodeid=\"1970\">\n<tr data-nodeid=\"1971\">\n<th data-nodeid=\"1973\">Aspect<\/th>\n<th data-nodeid=\"1974\">Orient\u00e9 objet<\/th>\n<th data-nodeid=\"1975\">Relationnel<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-nodeid=\"1979\">\n<tr data-nodeid=\"1980\">\n<td data-nodeid=\"1981\"><strong data-nodeid=\"2362\">Identit\u00e9<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-nodeid=\"1982\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rence d&#8217;objet (surrogate)<\/td>\n<td data-nodeid=\"1983\">Cl\u00e9 primaire (metier ou surrogate)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-nodeid=\"1984\">\n<td data-nodeid=\"1985\"><strong data-nodeid=\"2368\">Op\u00e9rations<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-nodeid=\"1986\">Essentiel \u00e0 la conception, encapsul\u00e9<\/td>\n<td data-nodeid=\"1987\">Externe (SQL, proc\u00e9dures)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-nodeid=\"1988\">\n<td data-nodeid=\"1989\"><strong data-nodeid=\"2374\">Encapsulation<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-nodeid=\"1990\">Attributs priv\u00e9s, interface publique<\/td>\n<td data-nodeid=\"1991\">Acc\u00e8s direct \u00e0 la table par d\u00e9faut<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-nodeid=\"1992\">\n<td data-nodeid=\"1993\"><strong data-nodeid=\"2380\">H\u00e9ritage<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-nodeid=\"1994\">Prise en charge native du langage<\/td>\n<td data-nodeid=\"1995\">Strat\u00e9gies de mappage complexes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-nodeid=\"1996\">\n<td data-nodeid=\"1997\"><strong data-nodeid=\"2386\">Relations<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-nodeid=\"1998\">Pointeurs\/r\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/td>\n<td data-nodeid=\"1999\">Cl\u00e9s \u00e9trang\u00e8res et jointures<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3 data-nodeid=\"2000\">Recommandations pratiques pour les concepteurs de bases de donn\u00e9es<\/h3>\n<ol data-nodeid=\"2001\">\n<li data-nodeid=\"2002\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"2003\"><strong data-nodeid=\"2398\">Mod\u00e9liser explicitement les cl\u00e9s<\/strong>: Utilisez\u00a0<code data-backticks=\"1\" data-nodeid=\"2394\">{clef primaire}<\/code>,\u00a0<code data-backticks=\"1\" data-nodeid=\"2396\">{clef \u00e9trang\u00e8re1}<\/code>\u00a0st\u00e9r\u00e9otypes car UML ne prend pas en charge nativement les cl\u00e9s<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"2004\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"2005\"><strong data-nodeid=\"2405\">Marquer la persistance<\/strong>: Utilisez\u00a0<code data-backticks=\"1\" data-nodeid=\"2403\">{persistant}<\/code>\u00a0valeur \u00e9tiquet\u00e9e pour distinguer les classes de base de donn\u00e9es des classes d&#8217;application transitoires<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"2006\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"2007\"><strong data-nodeid=\"2410\">Simplifier les op\u00e9rations<\/strong>: Mappez les op\u00e9rations de requ\u00eate sur des vues ; les op\u00e9rations complexes sur des proc\u00e9dures stock\u00e9es<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"2008\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"2009\"><strong data-nodeid=\"2415\">G\u00e9rer l&#8217;h\u00e9ritage avec pr\u00e9caution<\/strong>: Choisissez la strat\u00e9gie de mappage en fonction des mod\u00e8les de requ\u00eate<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"2010\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"2011\"><strong data-nodeid=\"2420\">Documenter les contraintes<\/strong>: Utilisez des contraintes OCL ou en texte clair pour les r\u00e8gles m\u00e9tier<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"2012\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"2013\"><strong data-nodeid=\"2425\">Utilisez les classes d&#8217;association avec discernement<\/strong>: Uniquement lorsque la relation poss\u00e8de des attributs significatifs<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<hr data-nodeid=\"2014\"\/>\n<h2 data-nodeid=\"2015\">\ud83c\udfaf Feuille de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence rapide<\/h2>\n<h3 data-nodeid=\"2016\">R\u00e9sum\u00e9 de la notation des diagrammes de classes PlantUML<\/h3>\n<div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\n<div class=\"vpascode-header\">\n<span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span><br \/>\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:SoWkIImgAStDuULApaaiBbQmiIakIIrApI-fB4YrirDm1Wdw9UQcAbJpSYaeL9SafgUdfjYM9UQKfjQ2HAArzNNrbVNhOXNoWAgYSqjpIcAj54A0kXMYRHM0wc8LgWkAyWkAiQZMA4WiIimjrhHI24ejGIW38eVKl1IWem00\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>\u00c9diter PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\n            <div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-header\">\r\n                    <span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span>\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:SoWkIImgAStDuULApaaiBbQmiIakERoowF3A_9BAWbGxEmM__5nda4ogGZKlbu92zU6L9Pc5fQb0HRPbYJcffKMr8E5eRNrTVMNzkbY5lFpSwDpId99OAuKGe0aAqROAG7Mn2jK5HVa5nPYADGeIYn9p3wyeAKejrhHI24ejGIW58eVKl1IWym00\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\r\n                    <pre class=\"lang-plantuml\" data-nodeid=\"2017\"><code class=\"language-plantuml\" data-language=\"plantuml\" class=\"language-plantuml\">@startuml\r\nclass &lt;&lt;st\u00e9r\u00e9otype&gt;&gt; NomClasse {\r\n  {\u00e9tiquet\u00e9=valeur}\r\n  [+\/-\/#\/~] nom[mult]: Type [= val] {props}\r\n  [+\/-\/#\/~] nom(param\u00e8tres): Ret {props}\r\n}\r\n@enduml\r\n<\/code><\/pre>                <\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:SoWkIImgAStDuULApaaiBbQmiIakERoowF3A_9BAWbGxEmM__5nda4ogGZKlbu92zU6L9Pc5fQb0HRPbYJcffKMr8E5eRNrTVMNzkbY5lFpSwDpId99OAuKGe0aAqROAG7Mn2jK5HVa5nPYADGeIYn9p3wyeAKejrhHI24ejGIW58eVKl1IWym00\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n            \n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:SoWkIImgAStDuULApaaiBbQmiIakIIrApI-fB4YrirDm1Wdw9UQcAbJpSYaeL9SafgUdfjYM9UQKfjQ2HAArzNNrbVNhOXNoWAgYSqjpIcAj54A0kXMYRHM0wc8LgWkAyWkAiQZMA4WiIimjrhHI24ejGIW38eVKl1IWem00\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>\u00c9diter PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 data-nodeid=\"2018\">Notation d&#8217;association<\/h3>\n<div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\n<div class=\"vpascode-header\">\n<span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span><br \/>\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:LSvD2e0W40NWVT0T1ZT1u0LQXDQ-Eqmb8gWJZNN-x8UetS3x7cyK9rpJ5dnPz1wPDOYm-QG5I7cVdO0hwQ01pKoJm-Ge3XZCswapVX1Kq5DOYDsfNa4_eQrTZSMVaBBzY05tPt7qUKEPEES73m00\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>\u00c9diter PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\n            <div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-header\">\r\n                    <span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span>\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:SoWkIImgAStDuULopaaiBavrL53ABSqfSLHIqDM5C9sK521IJWfM2dxvkOx5nVd9cOabcVbv24rQGDKmLGhg2ixvkGNvnPceQl9HrJYc5nrUcOvcZgwk7R8QlyIopFJ4f9nKNYw7rBmKe3i1\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\r\n                    <pre class=\"lang-plantuml\" data-nodeid=\"2019\"><code class=\"language-plantuml\" data-language=\"plantuml\" class=\"language-plantuml\">@startuml\r\nClasseA \"multA\" -- \"multB\" ClasseB : NomAssociation\r\nClasseA *-- ClasseB  ' Composition\r\nClasseA o-- ClasseB  ' Agr\u00e9gation\r\nClasseA --&gt; ClasseB  ' Navigable\r\n@enduml\r\n<\/code><\/pre>                <\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:SoWkIImgAStDuULopaaiBavrL53ABSqfSLHIqDM5C9sK521IJWfM2dxvkOx5nVd9cOabcVbv24rQGDKmLGhg2ixvkGNvnPceQl9HrJYc5nrUcOvcZgwk7R8QlyIopFJ4f9nKNYw7rBmKe3i1\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n            \n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com#plantuml:LSvD2e0W40NWVT0T1ZT1u0LQXDQ-Eqmb8gWJZNN-x8UetS3x7cyK9rpJ5dnPz1wPDOYm-QG5I7cVdO0hwQ01pKoJm-Ge3XZCswapVX1Kq5DOYDsfNa4_eQrTZSMVaBBzY05tPt7qUKEPEES73m00\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>\u00c9diter PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 data-nodeid=\"2020\">Symboles de visibilit\u00e9<\/h3>\n<ul data-nodeid=\"2021\">\n<li data-nodeid=\"2022\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"2023\"><code data-backticks=\"1\" data-nodeid=\"2430\">+<\/code>\u00a0Public<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"2024\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"2025\"><code data-backticks=\"1\" data-nodeid=\"2432\">-<\/code>\u00a0Priv\u00e9<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"2026\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"2027\"><code data-backticks=\"1\" data-nodeid=\"2434\">#<\/code>\u00a0Prot\u00e9g\u00e9<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"2028\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"2029\"><code data-backticks=\"1\" data-nodeid=\"2436\">~<\/code>\u00a0Paquet<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-nodeid=\"2030\">Propri\u00e9t\u00e9s et contraintes communes<\/h3>\n<ul data-nodeid=\"2031\">\n<li data-nodeid=\"2032\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"2033\"><code data-backticks=\"1\" data-nodeid=\"2441\">{statique}<\/code>\u00a0\/\u00a0<code data-backticks=\"1\" data-nodeid=\"2443\">{estRequ\u00eate=vrai}<\/code>\u00a0\/\u00a0<code data-backticks=\"1\" data-nodeid=\"2445\">{abstrait}<\/code><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"2034\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"2035\"><code data-backticks=\"1\" data-nodeid=\"2446\">{valeur &gt;= 0}<\/code>\u00a0\/\u00a0<code data-backticks=\"1\" data-nodeid=\"2448\">{ou exclusif}<\/code>\u00a0\/\u00a0<code data-backticks=\"1\" data-nodeid=\"2450\">{ordonn\u00e9}<\/code>\u00a0\/\u00a0<code data-backticks=\"1\" data-nodeid=\"2452\">{clef primaire}<\/code><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-nodeid=\"2036\"\/>\n<blockquote data-nodeid=\"2037\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"2038\">\ud83d\udca1\u00a0<strong data-nodeid=\"2462\">R\u00e9flexion finale<\/strong>: Les diagrammes de classes UML sont puissants pour la mod\u00e9lisation conceptuelle, mais rappelez-vous qu&#8217;ils ont \u00e9t\u00e9 principalement con\u00e7us pour l&#8217;ing\u00e9nierie logicielle. Lorsque vous utilisez UML pour la conception de bases de donn\u00e9es, soyez pr\u00eat \u00e0 \u00e9tendre la notation (avec des st\u00e9r\u00e9otypes, des valeurs \u00e9tiquet\u00e9es, des contraintes) afin de capturer des concepts relationnels tels que les cl\u00e9s, la normalisation et les contraintes d\u00e9claratives qui ne sont pas nativement pr\u00e9sents dans la fondation orient\u00e9e objet d&#8217;UML.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p class=\"\" data-nodeid=\"2039\"><em data-nodeid=\"2470\">Guide compil\u00e9 \u00e0 partir de \u00ab\u00a0Partie 6 : Diagrammes de classes UML\u00a0\u00bb par Stefan Brass, Universit\u00e4t Halle, 2003. Tous les diagrammes sont format\u00e9s selon la syntaxe PlantUML pour assurer la compatibilit\u00e9 avec les outils modernes.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\ud83d\udca1\u00a0Note: Tous les diagrammes sont fournis en format PlantUML format. Vous pouvez les rendre instantan\u00e9ment en utilisant Visual Paradigm Diagramme<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3482,"featured_media":11070,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"","fifu_image_url":"https:\/\/www.archimetric.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/img_6a1fbb7554f19.png","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-11069","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Guide complet sur les diagrammes de classes UML (Diagramme en tant que code) - ArchiMetric French<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.archimetric.com\/fr\/comprehensive-guide-to-uml-class-diagrams-diagram-as-code\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Guide complet sur les diagrammes de classes UML (Diagramme en tant que code) - ArchiMetric French\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\ud83d\udca1\u00a0Note: Tous les diagrammes sont fournis en format PlantUML format. 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