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\u0905\u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915, \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<hr data-nodeid=\"2793\"\/>\n<h2 data-nodeid=\"2794\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3444\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ol data-nodeid=\"2795\">\n<li data-nodeid=\"2796\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"2797\">\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0936<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"2798\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"2799\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0902<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"2800\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"2801\">\u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u093e<\/p>\n<ul data-nodeid=\"2802\">\n<li data-nodeid=\"2803\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"2804\">3.1 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"2805\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"2806\">3.2 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0908\u0906\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"2807\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"2808\">\u0915\u0947\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0921\u0940: \u0908-\u0915\u0949\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u092b\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938<\/p>\n<ul data-nodeid=\"2809\">\n<li data-nodeid=\"2810\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"2811\">4.1 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 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data-nodeid=\"2821\">\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u093e\u090f\u0902<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"2822\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"2823\">\u0938\u0940\u0916\u0947 \u0917\u090f \u092a\u093e\u0920<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"2824\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"2825\">\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"2826\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"2827\">\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<hr data-nodeid=\"2828\"\/>\n<h2 data-nodeid=\"2829\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3463\">1. \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0936<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p data-nodeid=\"2830\">\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0947\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0921\u0940 \u0930\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0932 \u0908-\u0915\u0949\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0938 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\u0938\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0915:<\/p>\n<ul data-nodeid=\"2832\">\n<li data-nodeid=\"2833\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"2834\">\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"2835\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"2836\">\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0915\u0940<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"2837\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"2838\">\u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0928 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f 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\u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"2854\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"2855\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"2856\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"2857\">\u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0947\u0932\u0947\u092c\u093f\u0932\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u093e\u0930\u0902\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"2858\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"2859\">\u0939\u091c\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-nodeid=\"2860\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3493\">2.3 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data-nodeid=\"3516\">3. \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u093e<\/strong><\/h2>\n<h3 data-nodeid=\"2889\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3520\">3.1 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0911\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e: \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u093e<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-nodeid=\"2890\">\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u0911\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0911\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f-\u0913\u0930\u093f\u090f\u0902\u091f\u0947\u0921 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092f\u0942\u090f\u092e\u090f\u0932 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n<p data-nodeid=\"2891\"><img alt=\"What is Object Diagram?\" data-nodeid=\"3524\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.archimetric.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/03-class-diagram-to-object-diagram.png\"\/><\/p>\n<p data-nodeid=\"2892\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3532\">\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e:<\/strong><br \/>\n\u090f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u0947\u0938, \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0918\u091f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092b\u093f\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0906\u092e\u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924\u0940 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0915\u0932\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0926\u0926 \u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/p>\n<p data-nodeid=\"2893\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3538\">\u0911\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e:<\/strong><br \/>\n\u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0913\u0930, \u090f\u0915 \u0911\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0911\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0911\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0911\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u090f\u0915 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0924\u091a\u0940\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0921\u0940\u092c\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092d\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<p data-nodeid=\"2894\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3542\">\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930:<\/strong><\/p>\n<table data-nodeid=\"2896\">\n<thead data-nodeid=\"2897\">\n<tr data-nodeid=\"2898\">\n<th data-nodeid=\"2900\">\u092a\u0939\u0932\u0942<\/th>\n<th data-nodeid=\"2901\">\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916<\/th>\n<th data-nodeid=\"2902\">\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-nodeid=\"2906\">\n<tr data-nodeid=\"2907\">\n<td data-nodeid=\"2908\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3549\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0927\u093f<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-nodeid=\"2909\">\u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/td>\n<td data-nodeid=\"2910\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-nodeid=\"2911\">\n<td data-nodeid=\"2912\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3555\">\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-nodeid=\"2913\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/td>\n<td data-nodeid=\"2914\">\u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0943\u0924 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-nodeid=\"2915\">\n<td data-nodeid=\"2916\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3561\">\u0938\u092e\u092f<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-nodeid=\"2917\">\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924\u0940 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091a\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/td>\n<td data-nodeid=\"2918\">\u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0921\u0940\u092c\u0917\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-nodeid=\"2919\">\n<td data-nodeid=\"2920\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3567\">\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-nodeid=\"2921\">\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/td>\n<td data-nodeid=\"2922\">\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-nodeid=\"2923\">\n<td data-nodeid=\"2924\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3573\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-nodeid=\"2925\">\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e (\u0938\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0936)<\/td>\n<td data-nodeid=\"2926\">\u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e (\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3 data-nodeid=\"2927\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3579\">3.2 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u090f\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916: \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u093e<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-nodeid=\"2928\">\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940-\u0930\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928\u0936\u093f\u092a (\u0908\u0906\u0930) \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u0932\u094b\u0915\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0905\u0932\u0917-\u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<p data-nodeid=\"2929\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3586\">\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916:<\/strong><br \/>\n\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u094b\u0902, \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0911\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f-\u0913\u0930\u093f\u090f\u0902\u091f\u0947\u0921 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<p data-nodeid=\"2930\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3592\">\u0908\u0906\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916:<\/strong><br \/>\n\u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940, \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0940\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<p data-nodeid=\"2931\"><img alt=\"ERD - Small Loan System - Visual Paradigm Community Circle\" data-nodeid=\"3595\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.archimetric.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/ERD-Small-Loan-System.png\"\/><\/p>\n<p data-nodeid=\"2932\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3599\">\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930:<\/strong><\/p>\n<table data-nodeid=\"2934\">\n<thead data-nodeid=\"2935\">\n<tr data-nodeid=\"2936\">\n<th data-nodeid=\"2938\">\u092a\u0939\u0932\u0942<\/th>\n<th data-nodeid=\"2939\">\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916<\/th>\n<th data-nodeid=\"2940\">\u0908\u0906\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-nodeid=\"2944\">\n<tr data-nodeid=\"2945\">\n<td data-nodeid=\"2946\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3606\">\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-nodeid=\"2947\">\u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/td>\n<td data-nodeid=\"2948\">\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-nodeid=\"2949\">\n<td data-nodeid=\"2950\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3612\">\u0905\u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-nodeid=\"2951\">\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924; \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/td>\n<td data-nodeid=\"2952\">\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915; \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-nodeid=\"2953\">\n<td data-nodeid=\"2954\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3618\">\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-nodeid=\"2955\">\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/td>\n<td data-nodeid=\"2956\">\u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940\u091c \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-nodeid=\"2957\">\n<td data-nodeid=\"2958\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3624\">\u0917\u0941\u0923<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-nodeid=\"2959\">\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u0923 (\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924) \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/td>\n<td data-nodeid=\"2960\">\u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940\u091c \u0915\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u0923 (\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e) \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-nodeid=\"2961\">\n<td data-nodeid=\"2962\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3630\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-nodeid=\"2963\">\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941-\u0909\u0928\u094d\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928<\/td>\n<td data-nodeid=\"2964\">\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<hr data-nodeid=\"2965\"\/>\n<h2 data-nodeid=\"2966\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3636\">4. \u0915\u0947\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0921\u0940: \u0908-\u0915\u0949\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u092b\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938<\/strong><\/h2>\n<h3 data-nodeid=\"2967\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3640\">4.1 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-nodeid=\"2968\">\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u091f\u0940\u092e \u0928\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0915\u0939\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0917\u090f \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940\u091c \u0925\u0940\u0902:<\/p>\n<p data-nodeid=\"2969\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3645\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940\u091c:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol data-nodeid=\"2970\">\n<li data-nodeid=\"2971\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"2972\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3650\">\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0915<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0916\u0930\u0940\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"2973\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"2974\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3655\">\u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 \u092c\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u090f\u0902<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"2975\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"2976\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3660\">\u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0932\u0947\u0928\u0926\u0947\u0928<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"2977\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"2978\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3665\">\u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 \u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0906\u0907\u091f\u092e<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p data-nodeid=\"2979\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3669\">\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-nodeid=\"2980\">\n<li data-nodeid=\"2981\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"2982\">\u090f\u0915 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0915 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0926\u0947 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 (1:N)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"2983\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"2984\">\u090f\u0915 \u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 (M:N)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"2985\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"2986\">\u090f\u0915 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0916 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 (M:N)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-nodeid=\"2987\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3676\">4.2 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-nodeid=\"2988\">\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0911\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f-\u0913\u0930\u093f\u090f\u0902\u091f\u0947\u0921 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u0947\u091c \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0939\u092e\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0908-\u0915\u0949\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u092b\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0917\u090f \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u0947\u091c \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0915, \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n<p data-nodeid=\"2989\"><img alt=\"UML Class Diagram for Customer-Order-Product example\" data-nodeid=\"3680\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.archimetric.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/customer-order-and-product-class-diagram.png\"\/><\/p>\n<p data-nodeid=\"2990\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3684\">\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0902:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-nodeid=\"2991\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3688\">\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-nodeid=\"2992\">\n<li data-nodeid=\"2993\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"2994\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3693\">\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0902:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0915Id, \u0928\u093e\u092e, \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932, \u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921, \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u0928\u0902\u092c\u0930, \u092a\u0924\u093e<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"2995\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"2996\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3698\">\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902:<\/strong>\u00a0\u092a\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923(), \u0932\u0949\u0917\u093f\u0928(), \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0905\u092a\u0921\u0947\u091f(), \u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0947\u0902()<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-nodeid=\"2997\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3702\">\u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-nodeid=\"2998\">\n<li data-nodeid=\"2999\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3000\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3707\">\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0902:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926Id, \u0928\u093e\u092e, \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923, \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f, \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0949\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e, \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3001\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3002\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3712\">\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924(), \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0949\u0915 \u0905\u092a\u0921\u0947\u091f(), \u091b\u0942\u091f \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e()<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-nodeid=\"3003\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3716\">\u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-nodeid=\"3004\">\n<li data-nodeid=\"3005\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3006\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3721\">\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0902:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936Id, \u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f, \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f, \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f, \u0936\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092a\u0924\u093e<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3007\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3008\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3726\">\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902(), \u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0930\u0926\u094d\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902(), \u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902(), \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e()<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-nodeid=\"3009\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3730\">\u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0917\u090f \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol data-nodeid=\"3010\">\n<li data-nodeid=\"3011\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3012\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3734\">\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 (\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0915 \u2194 \u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936):<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-nodeid=\"3013\">\n<li data-nodeid=\"3014\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3015\">\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3016\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3017\">\u090f\u0915 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0915 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0930\u0916 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3018\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3019\">\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u093f\u0928\u0948\u0932\u093f\u091f\u0940: 1..*<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3020\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3021\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3742\">\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 (\u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u2194 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926):<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-nodeid=\"3022\">\n<li data-nodeid=\"3023\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3024\">\u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3025\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3026\">\u090f\u0915 \u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3027\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3028\">\u090f\u0915 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3029\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3030\">\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948: \u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3031\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3032\">\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u093f\u0928\u0948\u0932\u093f\u091f\u0940:\u00a0<em data-nodeid=\"3751\">..<\/em><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3033\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3034\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3755\">\u090f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0917\u0947\u0936\u0928 (\u0911\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u2192 \u0911\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926):<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-nodeid=\"3035\">\n<li data-nodeid=\"3036\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3037\">\u0911\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0911\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u0906\u0907\u091f\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3038\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3039\">\u0911\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3040\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3041\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3761\">\u0938\u0902\u0918\u091f\u0928 (\u0911\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u2192 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926):<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-nodeid=\"3042\">\n<li data-nodeid=\"3043\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3044\">\u0911\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0906\u0907\u091f\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p data-nodeid=\"3045\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3766\">\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f UML \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-nodeid=\"3046\">\n<li data-nodeid=\"3047\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3048\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3771\">\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0911\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3049\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3050\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3780\">\u090f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0917\u0947\u0936\u0928:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0911\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u201c\u0939\u0948-\u090f\u0915\u201d \u0911\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 (\u0916\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3051\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3052\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3785\">\u0938\u0902\u0918\u091f\u0928:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0911\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0924\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 (\u092d\u0930\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3053\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3054\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3790\">\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930\u0924\u093e:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0911\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0939\u0948 (\u0921\u0948\u0936 \u0924\u0940\u0930)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-nodeid=\"3055\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3794\">4.3 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0911\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-nodeid=\"3056\">\u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0928\u0947 \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091f\u0940\u092e \u0915\u094b \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0925\u0940\u0964 \u0911\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/p>\n<p data-nodeid=\"3057\"><img alt=\"UML Object Diagram for a Customer-Order-Product example\" data-nodeid=\"3798\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.archimetric.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/customer-order-and-product-object-diagram.png\"\/><\/p>\n<p data-nodeid=\"3058\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3802\">\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-nodeid=\"3059\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3806\">\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0915 \u0911\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-nodeid=\"3060\">\n<li data-nodeid=\"3061\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3062\">\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0915 \u0906\u0908\u0921\u0940: C12345<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3063\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3064\">\u0928\u093e\u092e: \u201c\u091c\u0949\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0925\u201d<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3065\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3066\">\u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932: \u201cjohn.smith@email.com\u201d<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3067\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3068\">\u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u0928\u0902\u092c\u0930: \u201c+1-555-0123\u201d<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-nodeid=\"3069\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3823\">\u0911\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u0911\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-nodeid=\"3070\">\n<li data-nodeid=\"3071\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3072\">\u0911\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u0906\u0908\u0921\u0940: ORD-2024-001<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3073\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3074\">\u0911\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f: \u201c2024-01-15T10:30:00\u201d<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3075\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3076\">\u0915\u0941\u0932 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f: 299.97<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3077\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3078\">\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f: \u201c\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917\u201d<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-nodeid=\"3079\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3837\">\u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u0911\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol data-nodeid=\"3080\">\n<li data-nodeid=\"3081\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3082\">\u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 1:<\/p>\n<ul data-nodeid=\"3083\">\n<li data-nodeid=\"3084\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3085\">\u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u0906\u0908\u0921\u0940: P001<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3086\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3087\">\u0928\u093e\u092e: \u201c\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0932\u0947\u0938 \u0939\u0947\u0921\u092b\u094b\u0928\u094d\u0938\u201d<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3088\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3089\">\u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f: 79.99<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3090\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3091\">\u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e: 2<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3092\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3093\">\u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 2:<\/p>\n<ul data-nodeid=\"3094\">\n<li data-nodeid=\"3095\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3096\">\u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928: P045<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3097\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3098\">\u0928\u093e\u092e: \u201cUSB-C \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932\u201d<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3099\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3100\">\u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f: 19.99<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3101\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3102\">\u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e: 1<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3103\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3104\">\u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 3:<\/p>\n<ul data-nodeid=\"3105\">\n<li data-nodeid=\"3106\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3107\">\u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928: P128<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3108\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3109\">\u0928\u093e\u092e: \u201c\u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0938\u201d<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3110\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3111\">\u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f: 24.99<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3112\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3113\">\u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e: 5<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p data-nodeid=\"3114\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3865\">\u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-nodeid=\"3115\">\u0911\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0908 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u091c\u093e\u0917\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e:<\/p>\n<ol data-nodeid=\"3116\">\n<li data-nodeid=\"3117\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3118\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3871\">\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0905\u0916\u0902\u0921\u0924\u093e:<\/strong>\u00a0\u092a\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0925\u0947<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3119\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3120\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3876\">\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0928\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0917\u0947\u0936\u0928:<\/strong>\u00a0\u092a\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0915\u093f \u0911\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0925\u0947<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3121\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3122\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3881\">\u092c\u0939\u0941\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928:<\/strong>\u00a0\u092a\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0915\u093f \u090f\u0915 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0908 \u0911\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3123\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3124\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3886\">\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935:<\/strong>\u00a0\u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0908 (\u0911\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0936\u093f\u092a \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p data-nodeid=\"3125\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3890\">\u0921\u0940\u092c\u0917\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0932\u093e\u092d:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-nodeid=\"3126\">\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928, \u0911\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0926\u0926 \u0915\u0940:<\/p>\n<ul data-nodeid=\"3127\">\n<li data-nodeid=\"3128\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3129\">\u0935\u0948\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0932\u093e\u092a\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0932 \u091a\u0947\u0915<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3130\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3131\">\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0949\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0921\u0947\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u0902\u0921\u0940\u0936\u0928<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3132\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3133\">\u0911\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-nodeid=\"3134\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3898\">4.4 \u0908\u0906\u0930 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-nodeid=\"3135\">\u0911\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f-\u0913\u0930\u093f\u090f\u0902\u091f\u0947\u0921 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926, \u091f\u0940\u092e \u0908\u0906\u0930 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0908\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e\u0964<\/p>\n<p data-nodeid=\"3136\"><img alt=\"ER Diagram for a Customer-Order-Product example\" data-nodeid=\"3902\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.archimetric.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/customer-order-and-product-er-diagram.png\"\/><\/p>\n<p data-nodeid=\"3137\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3906\">\u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0902:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-nodeid=\"3138\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3910\">\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0915 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-nodeid=\"3139\">\n<li data-nodeid=\"3140\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3141\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3917\">\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0915_id<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3142\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3143\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3926\">\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0928\u093e\u092e, \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932, \u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921 (\u0939\u0948\u0936 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e), \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928_\u0928\u0902\u092c\u0930, \u092a\u0924\u093e, \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0917\u090f_\u0938\u092e\u092f<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3144\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3145\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3931\">\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0902:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0905\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f, \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-nodeid=\"3146\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3935\">\u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-nodeid=\"3147\">\n<li data-nodeid=\"3148\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3149\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3942\">\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926_id<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3150\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3151\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3949\">\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0928\u093e\u092e, \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923, \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f, \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0949\u0915_\u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e, \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940, \u090f\u0938\u0915\u0947\u092f\u0942<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3152\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3153\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3956\">\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0902:<\/strong>\u00a0\u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f &gt; 0, \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0949\u0915_\u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e &gt;= 0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-nodeid=\"3154\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3960\">\u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-nodeid=\"3155\">\n<li data-nodeid=\"3156\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3157\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3967\">\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936_id<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3158\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3159\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3974\">\u0935\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0915_id \u2192 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0915<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3160\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3161\"><strong data-nodeid=\"3987\">\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936_\u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f, \u0915\u0941\u0932_\u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f, \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f, \u0936\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0902\u0917_\u092a\u0924\u093e, \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928_\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3162\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3163\"><strong data-nodeid=\"4012\">\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0902:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f IN (\u2018\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902\u2019, \u2018\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u2019, \u2018\u092d\u0947\u091c\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u2019, \u2018\u0921\u093f\u0932\u0940\u0935\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u2019, \u2018\u0930\u0926\u094d\u0926 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u2019)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-nodeid=\"3164\"><strong data-nodeid=\"4018\">\u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936_\u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-nodeid=\"3165\">\n<li data-nodeid=\"3166\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3167\"><strong data-nodeid=\"4027\">\u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940:<\/strong>\u00a0(\u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936_id, \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926_id)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3168\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3169\"><strong data-nodeid=\"4031\">\u0935\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-nodeid=\"3170\">\n<li data-nodeid=\"3171\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3172\">\u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936_id \u2192 \u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3173\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3174\">\u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926_id \u2192 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3175\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3176\"><strong data-nodeid=\"4044\">\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923:<\/strong>\u00a0\u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e, \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f (\u0916\u0930\u0940\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0928\u0948\u092a\u0936\u0949\u091f)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-nodeid=\"3177\"><strong data-nodeid=\"4048\">\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol data-nodeid=\"3178\">\n<li data-nodeid=\"3179\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3180\"><strong data-nodeid=\"4053\">\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936:<\/strong>\u00a01:N (\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924)<\/p>\n<ul data-nodeid=\"3181\">\n<li data-nodeid=\"3182\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3183\">\u090f\u0915 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0915 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0926\u0947 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3184\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3185\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u090f\u0915 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0948<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3186\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3187\"><strong data-nodeid=\"4060\">\u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926:<\/strong>\u00a0M:N (\u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924)<\/p>\n<ul data-nodeid=\"3188\">\n<li data-nodeid=\"3189\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3190\">\u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936_\u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u091c\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0924\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0932 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3191\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3192\">\u0916\u0930\u0940\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0930\u093f\u0915\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p data-nodeid=\"3193\"><strong data-nodeid=\"4068\">\u0908\u0906\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0947\u0916\u0923:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-nodeid=\"3194\">\u091f\u0940\u092e \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u0914\u0930 \u0908\u0906\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940:<\/p>\n<ul data-nodeid=\"3195\">\n<li data-nodeid=\"3196\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3197\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u090f\u0915 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0948\u092a \u0939\u0941\u0906<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3198\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3199\">\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0939\u0947 (\u0908\u0906\u0930\u0921\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3200\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3201\">\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3202\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3203\">\u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0940 \u0917\u0908\u0902<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-nodeid=\"3204\"><strong data-nodeid=\"4077\">4.5 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-nodeid=\"3205\">\u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u0930\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928\u0936\u093f\u092a \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 (\u0908\u0906\u0930\u0921\u0940) \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930, \u091f\u0940\u092e \u0928\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940\u092e\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/p>\n<p data-nodeid=\"3206\"><strong data-nodeid=\"4082\">\u090f\u0938\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0942\u090f\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0928:<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre class=\"lang-sql\" data-nodeid=\"3207\"><code data-language=\"sql\">-- \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0915 \u0924\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e\r\nCREATE TABLE Customer (\r\n    customer_id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,\r\n    name VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,\r\n    email VARCHAR(255) UNIQUE NOT NULL,\r\n    password_hash VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,\r\n    phone_number VARCHAR(20),\r\n    address TEXT,\r\n    created_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,\r\n    updated_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,\r\n    INDEX idx_email (email),\r\n    INDEX idx_name (name)\r\n);\r\n\r\n-- \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u0924\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e\r\nCREATE TABLE Product (\r\n    product_id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,\r\n    name VARCHAR(200) NOT NULL,\r\n    description TEXT,\r\n    price DECIMAL(10, 2) NOT NULL CHECK (price &gt;= 0),\r\n    stock_quantity INT NOT NULL DEFAULT 0 CHECK (stock_quantity &gt;= 0),\r\n    category VARCHAR(100),\r\n    sku VARCHAR(50) UNIQUE,\r\n    created_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,\r\n    updated_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,\r\n    INDEX idx_category (category),\r\n    INDEX idx_price (price),\r\n    FULLTEXT idx_search (name, description)\r\n);\r\n\r\n-- \u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0924\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e\r\nCREATE TABLE `Order` (\r\n    order_id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,\r\n    customer_id INT NOT NULL,\r\n    order_date TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,\r\n    total_price DECIMAL(10, 2) NOT NULL,\r\n    status ENUM('\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902', '\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923', '\u092d\u0947\u091c\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e', '\u0921\u093f\u0932\u0940\u0935\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e', '\u0930\u0926\u094d\u0926 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e') DEFAULT '\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902',\r\n    shipping_address TEXT NOT NULL,\r\n    payment_method VARCHAR(50),\r\n    payment_status ENUM('\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902', '\u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e', '\u0905\u0938\u092b\u0932', '\u0930\u093f\u092b\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e') DEFAULT '\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902',\r\n    created_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,\r\n    updated_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,\r\n    FOREIGN KEY (customer_id) REFERENCES Customer(customer_id) ON DELETE RESTRICT,\r\n    INDEX idx_customer (customer_id),\r\n    INDEX idx_order_date (order_date),\r\n    INDEX idx_status (status)\r\n);\r\n\r\n-- \u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936_\u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u091c\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0924\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e\r\nCREATE TABLE Order_Product (\r\n    order_id INT NOT NULL,\r\n    product_id INT NOT NULL,\r\n    quantity INT NOT NULL CHECK (quantity &gt; 0),\r\n    unit_price DECIMAL(10, 2) NOT NULL,\r\n    subtotal DECIMAL(10, 2) GENERATED ALWAYS AS (quantity * unit_price) STORED,\r\n    PRIMARY KEY (order_id, product_id),\r\n    FOREIGN KEY (order_id) REFERENCES `Order`(order_id) ON DELETE CASCADE,\r\n    FOREIGN KEY (product_id) REFERENCES Product(product_id) ON DELETE RESTRICT,\r\n    INDEX idx_product (product_id)\r\n);\r\n\r\n-- \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0947\u0932\u0947\u092c\u093f\u0932\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u0924\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0901\r\nCREATE TABLE Order_History (\r\n    history_id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,\r\n    order_id INT NOT NULL,\r\n    status_change VARCHAR(50),\r\n    changed_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,\r\n    notes TEXT,\r\n    FOREIGN KEY (order_id) REFERENCES `Order`(order_id) ON DELETE CASCADE\r\n);\r\n\r\nCREATE TABLE Product_Review (\r\n    review_id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,\r\n    product_id INT NOT NULL,\r\n    customer_id INT NOT NULL,\r\n    rating INT CHECK (rating BETWEEN 1 AND 5),\r\n    review_text TEXT,\r\n    created_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,\r\n    FOREIGN KEY (product_id) REFERENCES Product(product_id) ON DELETE CASCADE,\r\n    FOREIGN KEY (customer_id) REFERENCES Customer(customer_id) ON DELETE CASCADE,\r\n    UNIQUE KEY unique_customer_product (customer_id, product_id)\r\n);\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p data-nodeid=\"3208\"><strong data-nodeid=\"4086\">\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol data-nodeid=\"3209\">\n<li data-nodeid=\"3210\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3211\"><strong data-nodeid=\"4090\">\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-nodeid=\"3212\">\n<li data-nodeid=\"3213\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3214\">\u0924\u0948\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f DECIMAL \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3215\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3216\">\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0905\u0916\u0902\u0921\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092b\u093c\u0940\u0932\u094d\u0921\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f ENUM \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3217\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3218\">\u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0915\u0949\u0932\u092e \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0917\u090f<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3219\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3220\"><strong data-nodeid=\"4097\">\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-nodeid=\"3221\">\n<li data-nodeid=\"3222\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3223\">\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f CHECK \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3224\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3225\">\u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924 ON DELETE \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3226\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3227\">\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0905\u0916\u0902\u0921\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0938\u0915\u0947\u092f\u0942 \u092a\u0930 \u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3228\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3229\"><strong data-nodeid=\"4104\">\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30c3\u30af\u30b9:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-nodeid=\"3230\">\n<li data-nodeid=\"3231\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3232\">\u0905\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u0949\u0932\u092e (\u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932, \u0915\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e\u0930_id, \u0911\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0930_\u0926\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915) \u092a\u0930 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0917\u090f<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3233\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3234\">\u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u0916\u094b\u091c \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f FULLTEXT \u0907\u0902\u0921\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3235\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3236\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0948\u091f\u0930\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3237\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3238\"><strong data-nodeid=\"4115\">\u0911\u0921\u093f\u091f \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0932:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-nodeid=\"3239\">\n<li data-nodeid=\"3240\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3241\">\u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0924\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 created_at \u0914\u0930 updated_at \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0917\u090f<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3242\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3243\">\u0911\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f Order_History \u0924\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0917\u0908<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p data-nodeid=\"3244\"><strong data-nodeid=\"4127\">\u0928\u092e\u0942\u0928\u093e \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0932\u0928:<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre class=\"lang-sql\" data-nodeid=\"3245\"><code data-language=\"sql\">-- \u0928\u092e\u0942\u0928\u093e \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\r\nINSERT INTO Customer (name, email, password_hash, phone_number, address)\r\nVALUES ('\u091c\u0949\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0925', 'john.smith@email.com', '$2b$12$...', '+1-555-0123', '123 \u092e\u0947\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u091f, \u0936\u0939\u0930, \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f 12345');\r\n\r\n-- \u0928\u092e\u0942\u0928\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\r\nINSERT INTO Product (name, description, price, stock_quantity, category, sku)\r\nVALUES \r\n('\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0932\u0947\u0938 \u0939\u0947\u0921\u092b\u094b\u0928', '\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092e\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0928\u0949\u0907\u091c\u093c \u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0939\u0947\u0921\u092b\u094b\u0928', 79.99, 150, '\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938', 'WH-001'),\r\n('\u092f\u0942\u090f\u0938\u092c\u0940-\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932', '6 \u092b\u0940\u091f \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u0947\u0921 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932', 19.99, 500, '\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930\u0940\u091c', 'UC-045'),\r\n('\u092b\u094b\u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0938', '\u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0949\u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0938', 24.99, 300, '\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930\u0940\u091c', 'PC-128');\r\n\r\n-- \u0928\u092e\u0942\u0928\u093e \u0911\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\r\nINSERT INTO `Order` (customer_id, total_price, status, shipping_address, payment_method)\r\nVALUES (1, 299.97, '\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917', '123 \u092e\u0947\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u091f, \u0936\u0939\u0930, \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f 12345', '\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u091f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921');\r\n\r\n-- \u0911\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u0906\u0907\u091f\u092e \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\r\nINSERT INTO Order_Product (order_id, product_id, quantity, unit_price)\r\nVALUES \r\n(1, 1, 2, 79.99),\r\n(1, 2, 1, 19.99),\r\n(1, 3, 5, 24.99);<\/code><\/pre>\n<hr data-nodeid=\"3246\"\/>\n<h2 data-nodeid=\"3247\"><strong data-nodeid=\"4131\">5. \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u093e\u090f\u0902<\/strong><\/h2>\n<h3 data-nodeid=\"3248\"><strong data-nodeid=\"4135\">5.1 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u092c \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-nodeid=\"3249\"><img alt=\"Class Diagram, Object Diagram and ERD for a Customer-Order-Product example\" data-nodeid=\"4138\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.archimetric.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/class-diagram-object-diagram-er-diagram.png\"\/><\/p>\n<p data-nodeid=\"3250\"><strong data-nodeid=\"4142\">\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u2013 \u091c\u092c \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-nodeid=\"3251\">\n<li data-nodeid=\"3252\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3253\">\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941-\u0909\u0928\u094d\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3254\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3255\">\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u091f\u0940\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3256\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3257\">\u0935\u093f\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0924 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3258\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3259\">\u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 API \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3260\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3261\">\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0928 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u091a\u0930\u0923<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-nodeid=\"3262\"><strong data-nodeid=\"4151\">\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u2013 \u091c\u092c \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-nodeid=\"3263\">\n<li data-nodeid=\"3264\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3265\">\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3266\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3267\">\u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0930\u0928\u091f\u093e\u0907\u092e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3268\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3269\">\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e 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data-nodeid=\"4207\">\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u091c\u093e\u0917\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0902<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3303\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3304\"><strong data-nodeid=\"4212\">\u092c\u0939\u0941\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902:<\/strong>\u00a0\u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u093f\u0928\u0948\u0932\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e 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data-nodeid=\"4236\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0948\u091f\u0930\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3315\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3316\"><strong data-nodeid=\"4241\">\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3 data-nodeid=\"3317\"><strong data-nodeid=\"4245\">5.3 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0947<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-nodeid=\"3318\"><strong data-nodeid=\"4249\">\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f 1: \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0905\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924\u0924\u093e<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-nodeid=\"3319\">\n<li data-nodeid=\"3320\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3321\"><em data-nodeid=\"4256\">\u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e:<\/em>\u00a0\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3322\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3323\"><em data-nodeid=\"4261\">\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928:<\/em>\u00a0\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940\u091c \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0938\u0947\u092c\u093f\u0932\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u092e\u0948\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-nodeid=\"3324\"><strong data-nodeid=\"4265\">\u0917\u0932\u0924\u0940 2: \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-nodeid=\"3325\">\n<li data-nodeid=\"3326\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3327\"><em data-nodeid=\"4270\">\u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e:<\/em>\u00a0\u0938\u0930\u0932 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\/\u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940\u091c \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3328\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3329\"><em data-nodeid=\"4277\">\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928:<\/em>\u00a0\u092f\u093e\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0940 (\u0906\u092a\u0915\u094b \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940) \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-nodeid=\"3330\"><strong data-nodeid=\"4281\">\u0917\u0932\u0924\u0940 3: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u091c\u0930\u0905\u0902\u0926\u093e\u091c \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-nodeid=\"3331\">\n<li data-nodeid=\"3332\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3333\"><em data-nodeid=\"4286\">\u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e:<\/em>\u00a0\u0906\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940\u092e\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u0930\u093e\u092c \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0939\u0948<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3334\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3335\"><em data-nodeid=\"4291\">\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928:<\/em>\u00a0\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0948\u091f\u0930\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u0923\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-nodeid=\"3336\"><strong data-nodeid=\"4295\">\u0917\u0932\u0924\u0940 4: \u0911\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u091c\u0930\u0905\u0902\u0926\u093e\u091c \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-nodeid=\"3337\">\n<li data-nodeid=\"3338\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3339\"><em data-nodeid=\"4300\">\u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e:<\/em>\u00a0\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0930\u0928\u091f\u093e\u0907\u092e \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3340\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3341\"><em data-nodeid=\"4305\">\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928:<\/em>\u00a0\u0939\u092e\u0947\u0936\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0911\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-nodeid=\"3342\"\/>\n<h2 data-nodeid=\"3343\"><strong data-nodeid=\"4309\">6. \u0938\u0940\u0916\u0947 \u0917\u090f \u092a\u093e\u0920<\/strong><\/h2>\n<h3 data-nodeid=\"3344\"><strong data-nodeid=\"4313\">6.1 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0924\u0947\u0902<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ol data-nodeid=\"3345\">\n<li data-nodeid=\"3346\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3347\"><strong data-nodeid=\"4318\">\u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0906\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948:<\/strong>\u00a0\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0902\u091a\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u0939\u0941\u090f\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0906\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0928\u090f \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u091c\u093e\u0917\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3348\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3349\"><strong data-nodeid=\"4323\">\u0911\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0911\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0902\u091a\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u0917\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u094b\u0915\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 40 \u0918\u0902\u091f\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0921\u093f\u092c\u0917\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u091a\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0908\u0964<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3350\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3351\"><strong data-nodeid=\"4328\">\u0908\u0906\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u091f\u0940\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0908\u0906\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u092c\u0948\u0915\u090f\u0902\u0921 \u0921\u0947\u0935\u0932\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0938, \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0902\u091f\u090f\u0902\u0921 \u0921\u0947\u0935\u0932\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 60% \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u092e\u0940 \u0906\u0908\u0964<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3352\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3353\"><strong data-nodeid=\"4333\">\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/strong>\u00a0\u091a\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0930\u094b\u0915\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3 data-nodeid=\"3354\"><strong data-nodeid=\"4337\">6.2 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ol data-nodeid=\"3355\">\n<li data-nodeid=\"3356\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3357\"><strong data-nodeid=\"4342\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923:<\/strong>\u0915\u094b\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0911\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 35% \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u092e \u0939\u0941\u0906<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3358\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3359\"><strong data-nodeid=\"4347\">\u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923:<\/strong>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u093f\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0907\u091c\u093c\u094d\u0921 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0928\u0947 \u0928\u090f \u091f\u0940\u092e \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0928\u092e\u094b\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u092c\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3360\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3361\"><strong data-nodeid=\"4352\">\u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u091a\u092f\u0928:<\/strong>\u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u093f\u091c\u0941\u0905\u0932 \u092a\u0948\u0930\u093e\u0921\u093e\u0907\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u092a\u0921\u0947\u091f \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3362\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3363\"><strong data-nodeid=\"4357\">\u0939\u093f\u0924\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u0940\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0940:<\/strong>\u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u093f\u0924\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0911\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0941\u0906<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3 data-nodeid=\"3364\"><strong data-nodeid=\"4361\">6.3 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0947\u0932\u0947\u092c\u093f\u0932\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-nodeid=\"3365\">\u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0908 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0947\u0932\u0947\u092c\u093f\u0932\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u091c\u093e\u0917\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e:<\/p>\n<ol data-nodeid=\"3366\">\n<li data-nodeid=\"3367\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3368\"><strong data-nodeid=\"4371\">\u0907\u0902\u0921\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0930\u0923\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f:<\/strong>\u0915\u0941\u0936\u0932 \u0911\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f (\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0915_id, \u0911\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0930_\u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f) \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0949\u092e\u094d\u092a\u094b\u091c\u093f\u091f \u0907\u0902\u0921\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3369\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3370\"><strong data-nodeid=\"4378\">\u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0936\u0928\u093f\u0902\u0917:<\/strong>\u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0911\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0911\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0930_\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0921\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0924\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3371\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3372\"><strong data-nodeid=\"4383\">\u0915\u0948\u0936\u093f\u0902\u0917:<\/strong>\u0911\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0909\u091c\u093e\u0917\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0948\u0936\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0948<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3373\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3374\"><strong data-nodeid=\"4388\">\u0930\u0940\u0921 \u0930\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e:<\/strong>\u0908\u0906\u0930 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0928\u0947 \u0930\u0940\u0921-\u0939\u0947\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u0948\u091f\u0930\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u091c\u093e\u0917\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u094b \u0930\u0940\u0921 \u0930\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<hr data-nodeid=\"3375\"\/>\n<h2 data-nodeid=\"3376\"><strong data-nodeid=\"4392\">7. \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p data-nodeid=\"3377\">\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0947\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0921\u0940 \u0928\u0947 \u0908-\u0915\u0949\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u092b\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093e\u092c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e, \u0911\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u0908\u0906\u0930 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u091f\u0940\u092e \u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0920\u094b\u0938, \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0928 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091a\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0915 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/p>\n<p data-nodeid=\"3378\"><strong data-nodeid=\"4397\">\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol data-nodeid=\"3379\">\n<li data-nodeid=\"3380\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3381\"><strong data-nodeid=\"4402\">\u092a\u0942\u0930\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923:<\/strong>\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e, \u0911\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u0908\u0906\u0930 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u092c\u0932\u094d\u0915\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0932\u0917-\u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091a\u0930\u0932 \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0911\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u091f \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0908\u0906\u0930 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0924\u0915 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3382\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3383\"><strong data-nodeid=\"4407\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948:<\/strong>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u092b\u0940 \u0932\u093e\u092d \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092e \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f, \u0915\u092e \u092c\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u091f\u0940\u092e \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u091f\u0940\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0917\u0939\u0928 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u094b 25% \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3384\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3385\"><strong data-nodeid=\"4412\">\u092a\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948:<\/strong>\u0911\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u092e\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u092e\u094b\u0932 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u091c\u093e\u0917\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0936\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3386\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3387\"><strong data-nodeid=\"4417\">\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902:<\/strong>\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u0908\u0906\u0930 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0915\u093f \u0911\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f-\u0913\u0930\u093f\u090f\u0902\u091f\u0947\u0921 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940\u092e\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0915\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0947\u0916\u0923 \u0928\u0947 \u090f\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0940\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0907\u0902\u092a\u0947\u0921\u0947\u0902\u0938 \u092e\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0948\u091a \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u092e \u0917\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u094b\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3388\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3389\"><strong data-nodeid=\"4422\">\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0947\u0932\u0947\u092c\u093f\u0932\u093f\u091f\u0940:<\/strong>\u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0947\u0932\u0947\u092c\u093f\u0932\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u091c\u093e\u0917\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0930\u0923\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u0930 \u0915\u0948\u0936\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0930 \u0924\u0915 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0925\u0947\u0964 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0907\u0928 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u091f\u0940\u092e \u0928\u0947 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p data-nodeid=\"3390\"><strong data-nodeid=\"4426\">\u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-nodeid=\"3391\">\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947-\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0922\u093c \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0947\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0921\u0940 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u092b\u0932 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u2014\u092f\u0939 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094b\u091a\u0928\u0947, \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0939\u093f\u0924\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0938\u092e\u091d \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<p data-nodeid=\"3392\">\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u0939\u092e \u0938\u0941\u091d\u093e\u0935 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/p>\n<ul data-nodeid=\"3393\">\n<li data-nodeid=\"3394\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3395\">\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0915\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3396\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3397\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0911\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3398\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3399\">\u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0924 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u090f\u0930 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3400\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3401\">\u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u093e\u0930-\u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3402\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3403\">\u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u094b \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0902\u0924 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u094b\u0921\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0902<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-nodeid=\"3404\">\u0907\u0928 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u091f\u0940\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u092c\u0932\u094d\u0915\u093f \u0930\u0916\u0930\u0916\u093e\u0935 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f, \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0947\u0932\u0947\u092c\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a \u092d\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0908-\u0915\u0949\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u092b\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0921\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<hr data-nodeid=\"3405\"\/>\n<h2 data-nodeid=\"3406\"><strong data-nodeid=\"4440\">8. \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0920\u0928<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ol data-nodeid=\"3407\">\n<li data-nodeid=\"3408\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3409\">\u0911\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u092e\u0948\u0928\u0947\u091c\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0941\u092a\u0964 (2017)\u0964 \u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e (UML) \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 2.5.1<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3410\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3411\">\u091a\u0947\u0928, \u092a\u0940. \u092a\u0940. (1976)\u0964 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940-\u0930\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928\u0936\u093f\u092a \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u2014\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3412\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3413\">\u0917\u093e\u092e\u093e, \u0908., \u0906\u0926\u093f\u0964 (1994)\u0964 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092a\u0948\u091f\u0930\u094d\u0928: \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0911\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f-\u0913\u0930\u093f\u090f\u0902\u091f\u0947\u0921 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3414\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3415\">\u092b\u093e\u0909\u0932\u0930, \u090f\u092e\u0964 (2003)\u0964 UML \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e: \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0911\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-nodeid=\"3416\">\n<p data-nodeid=\"3417\">\u0935\u093f\u091c\u0941\u0905\u0932 \u092a\u0948\u0930\u093e\u0921\u093e\u0907\u092e \u0915\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0928\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0932\u0964 (2023)\u0964 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092c\u0947\u0938\u094d\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0938 \u0917\u093e\u0907\u0921<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<hr data-nodeid=\"3420\"\/>\n<p class=\"\" data-nodeid=\"3421\"><em data-nodeid=\"4478\">\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0947\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0921\u0940 \u092f\u0939 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092b\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0940 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948, \u092c\u0932\u094d\u0915\u093f \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094b\u091a-\u0938\u092e\u091d\u0915\u0930 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e, \u0911\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u0908\u0906\u0930 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940 \u0907\u0938 \u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938, \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<br \/>\n<\/em><\/p>\n<h3 data-nodeid=\"3421\"><em data-nodeid=\"4478\"><br \/>\n\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d<br \/>\n<\/em><\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li><a data-nodeid=\"5426\" href=\"https:\/\/www.visual-paradigm.com\/guide\/mastering-structural-modeling-a-complete-guide-to-class-diagrams-object-diagrams-and-er-diagrams-in-software-design\/\"><strong data-nodeid=\"5427\">\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u093e: \u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e, \u0911\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u0908\u0906\u0930 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e<\/strong><\/a>: \u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e, \u0911\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940-\u0930\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928\u0936\u093f\u092a (\u0908\u0906\u0930) \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0917\u0939\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<li><a data-nodeid=\"5433\" href=\"https:\/\/www.visual-paradigm.com\/VPGallery\/\"><strong data-nodeid=\"5434\">\u0935\u093f\u091c\u0941\u0905\u0932 \u092a\u0948\u0930\u093e\u0921\u093e\u0907\u092e \u0917\u0948\u0932\u0930\u0940<\/strong><\/a>: \u090f\u0915 \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0917\u0948\u0932\u0930\u0940 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u091c\u0941\u0905\u0932 \u092a\u0948\u0930\u093e\u0921\u093e\u0907\u092e \u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923, \u091f\u0947\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0947\u0938\u094d\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<li><a data-nodeid=\"5440\" href=\"https:\/\/www.visual-paradigm.com\/tutorials\/generatecdfromerd.jsp\"><strong data-nodeid=\"5441\">\u0908\u0906\u0930 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e<\/strong><\/a>: \u090f\u0915 \u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0932 \u091c\u094b \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0911\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f-\u0913\u0930\u093f\u090f\u0902\u091f\u0947\u0921 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u093e\u091f\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940-\u0930\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928\u0936\u093f\u092a (\u0908\u0906\u0930) \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u092f\u0942\u090f\u092e\u090f\u0932 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u094b \u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<li><a data-nodeid=\"5447\" href=\"https:\/\/www.visual-paradigm.com\/support\/documents\/vpuserguide\/3563\/3564\/85446_synchronizin.html\"><strong data-nodeid=\"5448\">\u0935\u093f\u091c\u0941\u0905\u0932 \u092a\u0948\u0930\u093e\u0921\u093e\u0907\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/strong><\/a>: \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u091c\u0941\u0905\u0932 \u092a\u0948\u0930\u093e\u0921\u093e\u0907\u092e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0908\u0906\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e) \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<li><a data-nodeid=\"5454\" href=\"https:\/\/www.visual-paradigm.com\/VPGallery\/orm\/ERDiagramAndClassDiagramSynchronization.html\"><strong data-nodeid=\"5455\">\u0908\u0906\u0930 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0938\u092e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f<\/strong><\/a>: \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0917\u0948\u0932\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940-\u0930\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928\u0936\u093f\u092a \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0942\u090f\u092e\u090f\u0932 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u092e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0921\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0909\u091c\u093e\u0917\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<li><a data-nodeid=\"5461\" href=\"https:\/\/www.visual-paradigm.com\/guide\/uml-unified-modeling-language\/uml-class-diagram-tutorial\/\"><strong data-nodeid=\"5462\">\u092f\u0942\u090f\u092e\u090f\u0932 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0932<\/strong><\/a>: \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0902, \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927, \u0935\u093f\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0918\u091f\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u092f\u0942\u090f\u092e\u090f\u0932 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0932\u0964<\/li>\n<li><a data-nodeid=\"5468\" href=\"https:\/\/www.visual-paradigm.com\/support\/documents\/vpuserguide\/94\/2576_classdiagram.html\"><strong data-nodeid=\"5469\">\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e (\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e)<\/strong><\/a>: \u0906\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u091c\u0941\u0905\u0932 \u092a\u0948\u0930\u093e\u0921\u093e\u0907\u0917\u094d\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u092b\u0940\u091a\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u0947\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u092a\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947, \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e\u093e\u0907\u091c\u093c \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0947 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<li><a data-nodeid=\"5475\" href=\"https:\/\/forums.visual-paradigm.com\/t\/class-diagram-vs-entity-relationship-diagram\/10409\"><strong data-nodeid=\"5476\">\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u0930\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928\u0936\u093f\u092a \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e (\u092b\u094b\u0930\u092e \u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e)<\/strong><\/a>: \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u093e\u092f \u092b\u094b\u0930\u092e \u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u091c\u094b UML \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u0908\u0906\u0930 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u094b\u0902, \u0924\u093e\u0915\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u0947\u0935\u0932\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<li><a data-nodeid=\"5482\" href=\"https:\/\/www.visual-paradigm.com\/support\/documents\/vpuserguide\/3563\/3564\/85445_mappingdatam.html\"><strong data-nodeid=\"5483\">\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u092f\u0942\u090f\u092e\u090f\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0948\u092a \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e (\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e)<\/strong><\/a>: \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u092f\u0942\u090f\u092e\u090f\u0932 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0948\u092a \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902, \u0935\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0947 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<li><a data-nodeid=\"5489\" href=\"https:\/\/guides.visual-paradigm.com\/introduction-to-data-modeling-with-visual-paradigm-erd-diagramming-code-generation-and-reverse-engineering\/\"><strong data-nodeid=\"5490\">\u0935\u093f\u091c\u0941\u0905\u0932 \u092a\u0948\u0930\u093e\u0921\u093e\u0907\u0917\u094d\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f: \u0908\u0906\u0930 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u091c\u0928\u0930\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong><\/a>: \u0935\u093f\u091c\u0941\u0905\u0932 \u092a\u0948\u0930\u093e\u0921\u093e\u0907\u0917\u094d\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0908\u0906\u0930 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e, \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0938\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0942\u090f\u0932 \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<li><a data-nodeid=\"5496\" href=\"https:\/\/www.visual-paradigm.com\/guide\/uml-unified-modeling-language\/what-is-object-diagram\/\"><strong data-nodeid=\"5497\">\u0911\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/strong><\/a>: \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0932\u0947\u0916 \u091c\u094b \u092f\u0942\u090f\u092e\u090f\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0911\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<li><a data-nodeid=\"5503\" href=\"https:\/\/www.visual-paradigm.com\/support\/documents\/vpuserguide\/3563\/3564\/85378_conceptual,l.html\"><strong data-nodeid=\"5504\">\u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 (\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e)<\/strong><\/a>: \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f \u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<li><a data-nodeid=\"5510\" href=\"https:\/\/www.visual-paradigm.com\/support\/documents\/vpuserguide\/3563\/3564\/85375_drawingentit.html\"><strong data-nodeid=\"5511\">\u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u0930\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928\u0936\u093f\u092a \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e (\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e)<\/strong><\/a>: \u0935\u093f\u091c\u0941\u0905\u0932 \u092a\u0948\u0930\u093e\u0921\u093e\u0907\u0917\u094d\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940-\u0930\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928\u0936\u093f\u092a (\u0908\u0906\u0930) \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u092a-\u092c\u093e\u092f-\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u092a \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<li><a data-nodeid=\"5517\" href=\"https:\/\/www.visual-paradigm.com\/support\/documents\/vpuserguide\/3563\/3584\/85402_benefitsofde.html\"><strong data-nodeid=\"5518\">\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u092d (\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e)<\/strong><\/a>: \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924\u0940 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0914\u0930 \u092b\u093e\u092f\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092e\u0940 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<li><em data-nodeid=\"4478\">\u00a0<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f \u0906\u091c \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0924<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3482,"featured_media":11062,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"","fifu_image_url":"https:\/\/www.archimetric.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/img_6a1fc6ce69c29.png","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[127],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-11061","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-unified-modeling-language"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917, \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0908-\u0915\u0949\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 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