{"id":11213,"date":"2026-04-08T13:52:10","date_gmt":"2026-04-08T05:52:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.archimetric.com\/vn\/how-to-draw-state-machine-diagram-iot-devices\/"},"modified":"2026-04-08T13:52:10","modified_gmt":"2026-04-08T05:52:10","slug":"how-to-draw-state-machine-diagram-iot-devices","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.archimetric.com\/vn\/how-to-draw-state-machine-diagram-iot-devices\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ebd s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb IoT m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u00fang \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. Khi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb Internet v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt (IoT), \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u1ec1 logic th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u0103ng theo c\u1ea5p s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n. M\u1ed9t ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ecdc c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m ki\u1ec3m tra k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c giao th\u1ee9c truy\u1ec1n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u1ef1c quan r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 lu\u1ed3ng logic, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00fac s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i UML tr\u1edf n\u00ean thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu. N\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb IoT h\u00e0nh x\u1eed trong c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n<p>Nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u1edf c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean khi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a. H\u1ecd nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3 ho\u1eb7c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i, c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u00fang, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img alt=\"Chalkboard-style infographic teaching how to create UML state machine diagrams for IoT devices, featuring core components (states, transitions, events, guards, actions), a 5-step modeling process, IoT-specific considerations for power management and connectivity, common pitfalls to avoid, and best practices for embedded system design\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.archimetric.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/iot-state-machine-diagram-chalkboard-infographic.jpg\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<h2>T\u1ea1i sao m\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng trong ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac IoT \ud83c\udfd7\ufe0f<\/h2>\n<p>C\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb IoT ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111o\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc. K\u1ebft n\u1ed1i m\u1ea1ng b\u1ecb ng\u1eaft. Pin c\u1ea1n ki\u1ec7t. C\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn h\u1ecfng. M\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00e3 tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd nh\u1eefng ng\u1eaft qu\u00e3ng n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u01a1n tru. M\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. M\u1ed7i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh vi v\u00e0o v\u00e0 ra c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ph\u00e2n m\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y gi\u00fap \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a vi\u1ec7c g\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec.<\/p>\n<p>H\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec1u nhi\u1ec7t th\u00f4ng minh. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i <strong>\u0110un n\u00f3ng<\/strong> tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i, m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i <strong>L\u00e0m m\u00e1t<\/strong> tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i, ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i <strong>T\u1eaft<\/strong> tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i. C\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp x\u1ea3y ra d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng. N\u1ebfu k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i m\u1ea1ng b\u1ecb ng\u1eaft trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh <strong>\u0110un n\u00f3ng<\/strong>, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1eed l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng? C\u00f3 ghi l\u1ea1i l\u1ed7i kh\u00f4ng? C\u00f3 \u1edf l\u1ea1i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng? S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ghi l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng quy t\u1eafc n\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi vi\u1ebft b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 d\u00f2ng m\u00e3 n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n<h2>C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i UML \ud83d\udcdd<\/h2>\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 v\u1ebd m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng. UML (Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t) cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n<h3>1. C\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \ud83d\udfe6<\/h3>\n<p>M\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n trong su\u1ed1t v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng khi n\u00f3 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c ch\u1edd m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n. Trong IoT, c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1nh x\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ngu\u1ed3n ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n duy nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u00ean trong. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: <em>Ng\u01b0ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i con. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: <em>Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/em> (ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i <em>X\u1eed l\u00fd<\/em> v\u00e0 <em>Truy\u1ec1n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/em>).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i cu\u1ed1i:<\/strong> \u0110i\u1ec3m k\u1ebft th\u00fac c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi. Th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea7y m\u00e0u.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>2. Chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp \u2194\ufe0f<\/h3>\n<p>M\u1ed9t chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u00e0y sang tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng, ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u00edch.<\/p>\n<h3>3. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \ud83d\udce2<\/h3>\n<p>C\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0 t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp. Trong IoT, nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u00edch th\u00edch b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>T\u00edn hi\u1ec7u:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p t\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: <em>TemperatureChanged<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>B\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfm th\u1eddi gian:<\/strong> C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf h\u1ebft th\u1eddi gian. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: <em>ConnectionTimeout<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh:<\/strong> S\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>4. \u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \ud83d\udd12<\/h3>\n<p>Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1u k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c. M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c logic ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp x\u1ea3y ra. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp trong d\u1ea5u ngo\u1eb7c vu\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n<p><em>V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/em> [BatteryLevel &gt; 20%]<\/p>\n<h3>5. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \ud83d\udcbb<\/h3>\n<p>C\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ho\u1eb7c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o:<\/strong> \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi khi b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i.<\/li>\n<li><strong>H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1eddi:<\/strong> \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi khi r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111ang th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n:<\/strong> Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c khi \u0111ang \u1edf trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \ud83d\udee0\ufe0f<\/h2>\n<p>Tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb l\u1ea1c trong chi ti\u1ebft. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn v\u00e0 tinh ch\u1ec9nh sau n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<h3>B\u01b0\u1edbc 1: X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea1m vi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \ud83c\udfaf<\/h3>\n<p>Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi v\u1ebd, h\u00e3y li\u1ec7t k\u00ea c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n. Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng g\u00ec? C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o l\u00e0 g\u00ec? C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u ra l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Kh\u00f4ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 quy tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty. T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o h\u00e0nh vi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o:<\/strong>N\u00fat ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn, g\u00f3i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u1ea1ng.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0110\u00edch \u0111\u1ea7u ra:<\/strong>C\u00e1c c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh, m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y, \u0111\u00e8n LED.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n:<\/strong>Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>B\u01b0\u1edbc 2: X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ban \u0111\u1ea7u \ud83d\ude80<\/h3>\n<p>M\u1ed7i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n \u0111en \u0111\u1ea7y m\u00e0u d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb IoT, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i <em>Kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/em> ho\u1eb7c <em>Kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o<\/em> tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ki\u1ec3m tra ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 t\u1ea3i c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n<h3>B\u01b0\u1edbc 3: X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \ud83d\udd04<\/h3>\n<p>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng danh t\u1eeb cho t\u00ean tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i. Tr\u00e1nh d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh ngay c\u1ea3 khi logic thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0110ang t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm:<\/strong> \u0110ang t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i m\u1ea1ng.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0110\u00e3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i:<\/strong> \u0110\u00e3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ed5ng giao ti\u1ebfp.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0110ang \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng:<\/strong> L\u1ea5y m\u1eabu c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0110ang truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i:<\/strong> G\u1eedi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00ean \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y.<\/li>\n<li><strong>L\u1ed7i:<\/strong> X\u1eed l\u00fd s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>B\u01b0\u1edbc 4: X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp \ud83d\udee3\ufe0f<\/h3>\n<p>V\u1ebd c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i. Ghi nh\u00e3n cho ch\u00fang b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n g\u00e2y ra chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i. N\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n, h\u00e3y th\u00eam \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t (guard).<\/p>\n<p><em>T\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng:<\/em> T\u1eeb <em>\u0110ang t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm<\/em> \u0111\u1ebfn <em>\u0110\u00e3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i<\/em> khi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n <em>Wifi\u0110\u00e3T\u00ecmTh\u1ea5y<\/em> v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n <em>[\u0110\u1ed9 m\u1ea1nh t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u &gt; -70dBm]<\/em>.<\/p>\n<h3>B\u01b0\u1edbc 5: Th\u00eam x\u1eed l\u00fd l\u1ed7i \ud83d\uded1<\/h3>\n<p>C\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb IoT th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean g\u1eb7p s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1. Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecf qua nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y. T\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i <em>Ng\u1eaft k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i<\/em> ho\u1eb7c <em>Kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c<\/em> tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ecdi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c ho\u1eb7c t\u1eaft m\u00e1y.<\/p>\n<h2>C\u00e1c c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 cho IoT trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \ud83c\udf10<\/h2>\n<p>C\u00e1c m\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i nh\u00fang. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n<h3>C\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u26a1<\/h3>\n<p>Th\u1eddi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng pin l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t. M\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng vi\u1ec7c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng:<\/strong> Ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao. CPU \u0111ang ch\u1ea1y, radio b\u1eadt.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea5p:<\/strong> CPU ng\u1ee7, radio t\u1eaft.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ng\u1ee7 s\u00e2u:<\/strong> Ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u, ch\u1ec9 th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh khi c\u00f3 ng\u1eaft.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>C\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn. Th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh t\u1eeb tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ng\u1ee7 s\u00e2u th\u01b0\u1eddng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0110\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i \ud83d\udcf6<\/h3>\n<p>M\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady. M\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 logic th\u1eed l\u1ea1i. Thay v\u00ec m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i duy nh\u1ea5t <em>\u0110ang truy\u1ec1n<\/em> tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i, h\u00e3y c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i con cho <em>L\u1ea7nTh\u1eedL\u1ea1i1<\/em>, <em>L\u1ea7n th\u1eed l\u1ea1i 2<\/em>, v\u00e0 <em>\u0110\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n th\u1eed l\u1ea1i t\u1ed1i \u0111a<\/em>.<\/p>\n<h3>C\u1eadp nh\u1eadt c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh \ud83d\udd27<\/h3>\n<p>C\u1eadp nh\u1eadt ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 <em>Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt<\/em>. \u1ede tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u00e0y, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb s\u1ebd b\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c l\u1ec7nh b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba l\u1ed7i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i sang <em>Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt<\/em> l\u00e0 an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n t\u00e1c cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n<h2>B\u1ea3ng \u00e1nh x\u1ea1 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \ud83d\udcca<\/h2>\n<p>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea3ng tham kh\u1ea3o n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 bao qu\u00e1t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/th>\n<th>S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t<\/th>\n<th>\u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7<\/th>\n<th>H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0110ang ch\u1edd<\/td>\n<td>\u0110\u1ecdc c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn<\/td>\n<td>[Pin &gt; 10%]<\/td>\n<td>B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ADC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0110ang x\u1eed l\u00fd<\/td>\n<td>T\u00ednh to\u00e1n ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t<\/td>\n<td>[D\u1eef li\u1ec7u h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7]<\/td>\n<td>N\u00e9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0110ang truy\u1ec1n<\/td>\n<td>M\u1ea1ng b\u1ecb ng\u1eaft<\/td>\n<td>[S\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n th\u1eed l\u1ea1i &lt; 3]<\/td>\n<td>Ch\u1edd (5s)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>L\u1ed7i<\/td>\n<td>N\u00fat_\u0111\u1eb7t_l\u1ea1i<\/td>\n<td>[\u0110\u00fang]<\/td>\n<td>Kh\u1edfi_\u0111\u1ed9ng_l\u1ea1i_h\u1ec7_th\u1ed1ng<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>X\u1eed_l\u00fd_\u0111\u1ed9_ph\u1ee9c_t\u1ea1p_v\u1edbi_c\u00e1c_tr\u1ea1ng_th\u00e1i_theo_c\u1ea5p_\u0111\u1ed9 \ud83d\udcda<\/h2>\n<p>Khi thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ed1i r\u1eafm. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00fac c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh (tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9) gi\u00fap \u00edch. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i li\u00ean quan l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau.<\/p>\n<h3>V\u00ed_d\u1ee5: Ch\u1ebf_\u0111\u1ed9_\u0110ang_ho\u1ea1t_\u0111\u1ed9ng \ud83d\udfe2<\/h3>\n<p>Thay v\u00ec v\u1ebd c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1eed l\u00fd, h\u00e3y x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<em>\u0110ang_ho\u1ea1t_\u0111\u1ed9ng<\/em> tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i. B\u00ean trong<em>\u0110ang_ho\u1ea1t_\u0111\u1ed9ng<\/em>, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3<em>C\u1ea3m_nh\u1eadn<\/em>, <em>T\u00ednh_to\u00e1n<\/em>, v\u00e0<em>Ch\u1edd<\/em>. H\u1ec7_th\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd v\u00e0o tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<em>\u0110ang_ho\u1ea1t_\u0111\u1ed9ng<\/em> v\u00e0 \u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n tho\u00e1t c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m ti\u1ebfng \u1ed3n th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n<h3>C\u00e1c_v\u00f9ng_\u0111\u1ed9c_l\u1eadp \u2b1c<\/h3>\n<p>\u0110\u00f4i khi, hai vi\u1ec7c x\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111ang<em>Giao_ti\u1ebfp<\/em> v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 trong khi \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<em>Ghi_nh\u1eadt_k\u00fd<\/em> v\u00e0o th\u1ebb SD. UML cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi nhau. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u00fang \u0111a nhi\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n<h2>Nh\u1eefng_\u0111i\u1ec3m_sai_l\u1ea7m_th\u01b0\u1eddng_g\u1eb7p_c\u1ea7n_tr\u00e1nh \u26a0\ufe0f<\/h2>\n<p>Ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u0169ng m\u1eafc sai l\u1ea7m. H\u00e3y c\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y khi v\u1ebd s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ch\u1ebft_\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp ra ngo\u00e0i ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh n\u00f3. Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3ng b\u0103ng. Lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tho\u00e1t.<\/li>\n<li><strong>V\u00f2ng_l\u1eb7p_v\u00f4_h\u1ea1n:<\/strong> C\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp l\u1eb7p v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfm ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y.<\/li>\n<li><strong>C\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u1ed7i b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu:<\/strong> Gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1u di\u1ec5n ra ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o. Trong IoT, s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. H\u00e3y m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i l\u1ed7i.<\/li>\n<li><strong>C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 qu\u00e1 chi ti\u1ebft:<\/strong> \u0110\u1eb7t logic ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p b\u00ean trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7. Gi\u1eef c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. Chuy\u1ec3n logic ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p sang c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/li>\n<li><strong>T\u00ean tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb:<\/strong> Tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i nh\u01b0 <em>B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u<\/em> ho\u1eb7c <em>D\u1eebng l\u1ea1i<\/em>. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng danh t\u1eeb nh\u01b0 <em>Kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/em> ho\u1eb7c <em>T\u1eaft m\u00e1y<\/em>. C\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i quy tr\u00ecnh.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>X\u00e1c minh v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u2705<\/h2>\n<p>M\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ebd xong, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t. N\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c minh ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n<h3>1. \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 thi theo d\u00f5i \ud83d\udd0d<\/h3>\n<p>Li\u00ean k\u1ebft m\u1ed7i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng, h\u00e3y x\u00f3a n\u00f3. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng, h\u00e3y th\u00eam tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n<h3>2. Ki\u1ec3m tra t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \ud83c\udfc3<\/h3>\n<p>L\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ban \u0111\u1ea7u. \u00c1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f3 tu\u00e2n theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i mong \u0111\u1ee3i kh\u00f4ng? N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng nh\u1ea5n n\u00fat, \u0111\u00e8n LED c\u00f3 s\u00e1ng l\u00ean kh\u00f4ng? N\u1ebfu m\u1ea1ng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u00f3 v\u00e0o v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p th\u1eed l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n<h3>3. \u0110\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 h\u00f3a v\u1edbi ki\u1ec3m tra m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n \ud83d\udc68\u200d\ud83d\udcbb<\/h3>\n<p>Khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n vi\u1ebft m\u00e3, h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ec7ch kh\u1ecfi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. Th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean so s\u00e1nh tri\u1ec3n khai m\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i trong m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang kh\u00e1c nhau, h\u00e3y c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n th\u00f4ng tin ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/p>\n<h2>C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \ud83d\udcc4<\/h2>\n<p>M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ebd v\u00f4 d\u1ee5ng n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ai hi\u1ec3u n\u00f3. H\u00e3y tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u sau.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>T\u00ean g\u1ecdi nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n:<\/strong> S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng PascalCase ho\u1eb7c snake_case m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00ean tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ch\u00fa th\u00edch:<\/strong> Bao g\u1ed3m ch\u00fa th\u00edch n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u t\u00f9y ch\u1ec9nh ho\u1eb7c m\u00e0u s\u1eafc c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ngu\u1ed3n.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n:<\/strong> Xem s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 nh\u01b0 m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n. L\u01b0u n\u00f3 v\u00e0o kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef. G\u1eedi thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ghi ch\u00fa ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh:<\/strong>Th\u00eam ghi ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd do \u0111\u1eb1ng sau.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>T\u00edch h\u1ee3p m\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u00e0o chu k\u1ef3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \ud83d\udd04<\/h2>\n<p>M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a m\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n. N\u00f3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi chu k\u1ef3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<h3>Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf<\/h3>\n<p>V\u1ebd ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ea5p cao. Nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan v\u1ec1 logic tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u vi\u1ebft m\u00e3.<\/p>\n<h3>Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tri\u1ec3n khai<\/h3>\n<p>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft b\u1ea3ng chuy\u1ec3n tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i trong m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n. Nhi\u1ec1u khung nh\u00fang h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n m\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i. \u00c1nh x\u1ea1 c\u00e1c n\u00fat s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp sang c\u00e1c h\u00e0m m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n.<\/p>\n<h3>Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec<\/h3>\n<p>Khi x\u1ea3y ra l\u1ed7i, h\u00e3y theo d\u00f5i ch\u00fang tr\u00ean s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3. Chuy\u1ec3n tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra kh\u00f4ng? \u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00f3 sai kh\u00f4ng? C\u00f3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng? M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tr\u1ef1c quan gi\u00fap ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 nhanh h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<h2>Ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e2ng cao: L\u1ecbch s\u1eed s\u00e2u v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u00f4ng \ud83e\udde0<\/h2>\n<p>UML cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng n\u00e2ng cao cho c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ch\u00fang ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00fang l\u00e0 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n<h3>L\u1ecbch s\u1eed s\u00e2u (H*)<\/h3>\n<p>N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh tho\u00e1t ra v\u00e0 quay l\u1ea1i, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 n\u00ean b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i con ban \u0111\u1ea7u hay nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng? L\u1ecbch s\u1eed s\u00e2u ghi nh\u1edb ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i con. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y h\u1eefu \u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c thao t\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh.<\/p>\n<h3>L\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u00f4ng (H)<\/h3>\n<p>L\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u00f4ng ghi nh\u1edb tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i con ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i con \u0111\u00f3. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c nhanh nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh.<\/p>\n<h2>T\u00f3m t\u1eaft nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd \ud83d\udccc<\/h2>\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i cho thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb IoT l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng. N\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00e0nh logic c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n.<\/li>\n<li>T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n<li>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/li>\n<li>Lu\u00f4n m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i.<\/li>\n<li>Gi\u1eef cho s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt song song v\u1edbi m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea7u t\u01b0 th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n. N\u00f3 gi\u1ea3m t\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef chung cho \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00f3m. B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. Gi\u1ea5y v\u00e0 b\u00fat l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 cho b\u1ea3n ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. K\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt trong vi\u1ec7c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a quy tr\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u00fang \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. Khi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb Internet v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3479,"featured_media":11214,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i IoT | UML cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u00fang","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch v\u1ebd s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i UML cho thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb IoT. 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