{"id":11217,"date":"2026-04-07T22:04:01","date_gmt":"2026-04-07T14:04:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.archimetric.com\/vn\/state-machine-diagram-myth-buster-embedded-design\/"},"modified":"2026-04-07T22:04:01","modified_gmt":"2026-04-07T14:04:01","slug":"state-machine-diagram-myth-buster-embedded-design","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.archimetric.com\/vn\/state-machine-diagram-myth-buster-embedded-design\/","title":{"rendered":"B\u00e1c b\u1ecf hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 M\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i: Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1edbi h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nh\u00fang"},"content":{"rendered":"

C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u00fang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t. B\u1ed9 nh\u1edb l\u00e0 h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n, th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y, vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh vi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1i quan tr\u1ecdng. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 M\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t (UML) cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1ed9ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 thi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1edbi h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u, cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch m\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nh\u00fang th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, b\u00e1c b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 n\u00eau r\u00f5 c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 hay kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t m\u01a1 h\u1ed3. \ud83e\uddd0<\/p>\n

\n
\"Whimsical<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 M\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh nh\u00fang \u2699\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 M\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i, chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp, s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. Trong k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nh\u00fang, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o theo th\u1eddi gian. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, m\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ghi nh\u1edb l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. B\u1ed9 nh\u1edb n\u00e0y l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ea7n duy tr\u00ec ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh qua nhi\u1ec1u thao t\u00e1c li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp.<\/p>\n

H\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e8n giao th\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0u s\u1eafc; n\u00f3 ghi nh\u1edb giai \u0111o\u1ea1n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ch\u1edd m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi chuy\u1ec3n sang giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfp theo. M\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ghi l\u1ea1i logic n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a:<\/p>\n

    \n
  • Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i:<\/strong>C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng trong \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c ch\u1edd m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 bao g\u1ed3mNg\u01b0ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/em>, \u0110ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/em>, L\u1ed7i<\/em>, ho\u1eb7cCh\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ng\u1ee7<\/em>.<\/li>\n
  • Chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp:<\/strong>H\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i sang tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t. Bao g\u1ed3m \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh xem chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp c\u00f3 h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/li>\n
  • S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n:<\/strong>C\u00e1c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u g\u00e2y ra chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 (ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m) ho\u1eb7c ngo\u1ea1i vi (ng\u1eaft ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng).<\/li>\n
  • H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng:<\/strong>C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n khi v\u00e0o, r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi ho\u1eb7c \u0111ang \u1edf trong m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o bi\u1ebfn; h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ra d\u1ecdn d\u1eb9p t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c minh logic tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi vi\u1ebft b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 d\u00f2ng m\u00e3 n\u00e0o. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m th\u1eddi gian g\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n sau c\u1ee7a chu tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m xung quanh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

    Nghi\u00eam th\u1ee9c 1: FSM ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng cho logic \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \ud83d\udeab<\/h2>\n

    M\u1ed9t hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 M\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n (FSM) qu\u00e1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng nh\u00fang ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u01b0a th\u00edch m\u00e3 th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y linh ho\u1ea1t h\u01a1n. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y b\u1ecf qua s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n

    Trong UML hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9pTr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh<\/strong>. M\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i con. Khi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh chuy\u1ec3n sang m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i con c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9tGiao ti\u1ebfp<\/em>tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i con nh\u01b0\u0110ang l\u1eafng nghe<\/em>, \u0110ang truy\u1ec1n<\/em>, v\u00e0 \u0110ang th\u1eed l\u1ea1i<\/em>.<\/p>\n

    C\u00e1c giao th\u1ee9c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ch\u1ed3ng TCP\/IP ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i Bluetooth, ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o logic tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i. Th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0 c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5. M\u1ed9t m\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc n\u00e0y. N\u00f3 ng\u0103n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng r\u01a1i v\u00e0o tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng truy\u1ec1n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp.<\/p>\n

    Ki\u1ec3m tra s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt:<\/h3>\n
      \n
    • Suy ngh\u0129 sai l\u1ea7m:<\/strong>M\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 x\u1eed l\u00fd logic \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n b\u1eadt\/t\u1eaft.<\/li>\n
    • S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt:<\/strong>C\u00e1c m\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p x\u1eed l\u00fd hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ch\u1ed3ng giao th\u1ee9c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nhi\u1ec1u b\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/li>\n
    • S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt:<\/strong>Ch\u00fang cung c\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh vi x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi t\u00ednh an to\u00e0n cao.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Suy ngh\u0129 sai l\u1ea7m 2: UML qu\u00e1 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng cho m\u00e3 nh\u00fang \ud83d\udcc4<\/h2>\n

      M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 UML qu\u00e1 cao c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh m\u00e3 m\u00e1y hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. H\u1ecd lo ng\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ed3ng k\u1ec1nh. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ban \u0111\u1ea7u g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n l\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp.<\/p>\n

      M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u00e1nh x\u1ea1 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp sang b\u1ea3ng chuy\u1ec3n tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac switch-case<\/code>c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac trong C ho\u1eb7c C++. B\u1ed9 bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh; nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i logic. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u m\u00f4 t\u1ea3. N\u1ebfu m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3, h\u00e0nh vi s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

      \u00c1nh x\u1ea1 tri\u1ec3n khai:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 UML<\/th>\nT\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec3n khai<\/th>\nM\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
      Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/td>\nGi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7t k\u00ea ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac<\/td>\nX\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp<\/td>\nNh\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n (if\/else)<\/td>\nX\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1ed3ng logic<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/td>\nG\u1ecdi h\u00e0m ho\u1eb7c ng\u1eaft<\/td>\nK\u00edch ho\u1ea1t thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o<\/td>\nH\u00e0m kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o<\/td>\nThi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng\/bi\u1ebfn<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng tho\u00e1t<\/td>\nH\u00e0m d\u1ecdn d\u1eb9p<\/td>\nGi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

      S\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng n\u00e0y h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 trong vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m tra m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n. Khi x\u1ea3y ra l\u1ed7i, k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3. N\u1ebfu s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i A chuy\u1ec3n sang Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i B khi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n X x\u1ea3y ra, nh\u01b0ng m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t s\u1ebd ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb.<\/p>\n

      Nghi\u1ec7m 3: Chi ph\u00ed hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u23f1\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

      C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ea1y tr\u00ean vi \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 chu k\u1ef3 CPU h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. Lu\u00f4n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 r\u1eb1ng logic m\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra chi ph\u00ed kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y b\u1ecf qua c\u00e1ch m\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch.<\/p>\n

      C\u00e1c tr\u00ecnh bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a logic tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. M\u00e3 m\u00e1y k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p so s\u00e1nh v\u00e0 nh\u1ea3y, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t switch<\/code>l\u1ec7nh. Chi ph\u00ed ph\u00e1t sinh l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf so v\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a I\/O ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng ho\u1eb7c qu\u00e9t c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed, m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1ed1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3m c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p qu\u00e9t.<\/p>\n

      Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a:<\/h3>\n
        \n
      • B\u1ea3ng nh\u1ea3y:<\/strong> C\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng qua b\u1ea3ng nh\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian tra c\u1ee9u O(1) thay v\u00ec chu\u1ed7i if-else<\/code>chu\u1ed7i.<\/li>\n
      • L\u01b0u tr\u1eef tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u:<\/strong>C\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean \u0111\u01a1n ho\u1eb7c bit, ti\u00eau t\u1ed1n RAM t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u.<\/li>\n
      • Th\u1ef1c thi d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n:<\/strong> H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u1eed l\u00fd s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ch\u1ec9 khi ch\u00fang x\u1ea3y ra, tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p ch\u1edd b\u1eadn.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        So s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p qu\u00e9t ki\u1ec3m tra m\u1ecdi c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn m\u1ed7i mili gi\u00e2y b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 nhu c\u1ea7u. M\u1ed9t m\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ng\u1ee7 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c n\u00f3, ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 chu k\u1ef3 CPU.<\/p>\n

        Nghi\u1ec7m 4: C\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p g\u00e2y nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn \ud83e\udd2f<\/h2>\n

        C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p v\u00ec h\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecdc. H\u1ecd lo l\u1eafng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c l\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p khi\u1ebfn logic kh\u00f3 theo d\u00f5i. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 vi\u1ec7c l\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c l\u00e0 th\u00f3i quen x\u1ea5u, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p h\u1ee3p l\u00fd s\u1ebd c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

        H\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/em>tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i. N\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/em>, Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/em>, v\u00e0 Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ng\u1ee7<\/em>. N\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ph\u1eb3ng, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u1ecdi chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb t\u1eebng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i con \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u201cb\u00e1nh m\u00ec x\u00e0o\u201d v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t.<\/p>\n

        V\u1edbi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p, c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p. M\u1ed9t chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/em> sang T\u1eaft m\u00e1y<\/em>\u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i con tr\u1eeb khi b\u1ecb ghi \u0111\u00e8. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 l\u1ed9n x\u1ed9n trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng.<\/p>\n

        Suy ngh\u0129 sai l\u1ea7m 5: Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 trong c\u00e1c m\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \ud83d\udd04<\/h2>\n

        C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u0169 g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u1edbi t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi. Trong m\u1ed9t lu\u1ed3ng duy nh\u1ea5t, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u00f9ng l\u00fac.<\/p>\n

        UML 2.0 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u C\u00e1c v\u00f9ng vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c<\/strong>. M\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. C\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i m\u1ea1ng. C\u1ea3 hai v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p nh\u01b0ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp.<\/p>\n

        T\u00ednh n\u0103ng n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb IoT hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y. C\u00e1c v\u00f9ng vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a s\u1ef1 song song n\u00e0y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u lu\u1ed3ng ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f3a mutex ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p trong c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n.<\/p>\n

        So s\u00e1nh: FSM so v\u1edbi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c so v\u1edbi h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \ud83d\udcca<\/h2>\n

        \u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n so s\u00e1nh ch\u00fang v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c. M\u1ed7i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o y\u00eau c\u1ea7u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
        Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/th>\nTr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t<\/th>\nH\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf<\/th>\nPh\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u00fang<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
        M\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/strong><\/td>\nC\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c, x\u1eed l\u00fd giao th\u1ee9c, logic \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n.<\/td>\nKh\u00f4ng l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cho x\u1eed l\u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u li\u00ean t\u1ee5c.<\/td>\n\u2b50\u2b50\u2b50\u2b50\u2b50 (Cao)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c<\/strong><\/td>\nC\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00e3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh.<\/td>\nLogic tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec khi \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p t\u0103ng l\u00ean.<\/td>\n\u2b50\u2b50\u2b50 (Trung b\u00ecnh)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/strong><\/td>\nC\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng giao di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng.<\/td>\nB\u1ed9 nh\u1edb s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n chi ph\u00ed x\u1eed l\u00fd t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ea1y.<\/td>\n\u2b50\u2b50\u2b50\u2b50 (Cao)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

        M\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u1ecf ra v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n ch\u00ednh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u1ebfu h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u1eeda an to\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3ng l\u1ea1i, m\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i s\u1ebd nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t th\u1ef1c thi quy t\u1eafc n\u00e0y. M\u00e3 th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf s\u00f3t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y n\u1ebfu ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o h\u00e0m sai.<\/p>\n

        C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t khi tri\u1ec3n khai \ud83d\udee1\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

        Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c m\u1eabu c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n v\u1eabn d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u1ed7i.<\/p>\n

          \n
        • M\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i cho m\u1ed7i chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp:<\/strong>Tr\u00e1nh nhi\u1ec1u chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp c\u00f9ng v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n kh\u00e1c nhau tr\u1eeb khi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ngTr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/strong>\u0111\u1ec3 ghi nh\u1edb tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i con tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ebfu quay l\u1ea1i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p.<\/li>\n
        • \u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7:<\/strong>Gi\u1eef \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. N\u1ebfu logic b\u00ean trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, h\u00e3y di chuy\u1ec3n n\u00f3 sang m\u1ed9t h\u00e0m ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u00f4n g\u1ecdn g\u00e0ng.<\/li>\n
        • Chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n cho c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i nh\u01b0ng k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7nNg\u1eaft<\/em>trong khi \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1iNg\u01b0ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/em>c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1edd m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i.<\/li>\n
        • \u0110i\u1ec3m v\u00e0o m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh:<\/strong>Lu\u00f4n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0o m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh cho c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ng\u0103n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/li>\n
        • X\u1eed l\u00fd l\u1ed7i:<\/strong>Bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1iL\u1ed7i<\/em>ho\u1eb7cKh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ea1i<\/em>tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i. M\u1ecdi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng s\u1ebd th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. M\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u01a1n tru.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea7n tr\u00e1nh \ud83d\udea7<\/h2>\n

          Ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u0169ng v\u1ea5p ph\u1ea3i khi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng b\u1eaby ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn s\u1ebd gi\u00fap tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

          1. Chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n<\/h3>\n

          Khi m\u1ecdi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec1u k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhau, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecdc. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng cho th\u1ea5y thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p. Gom c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i li\u00ean quan v\u00e0o c\u00e1c h\u1ed9p t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng giao nhau.<\/p>\n

          2. Thi\u1ebfu chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/h3>\n

          N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp n\u00e0o kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec. C\u00f3 n\u00ean b\u1ecf qua s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng? C\u00f3 n\u00ean s\u1eadp h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng? X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ecf qua<\/em> h\u00e0nh vi ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ea1i<\/em> h\u00e0nh vi r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

          3. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/h3>\n

          C\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed s\u00e2u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn. N\u1ebfu h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1edb ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i con t\u1eeb l\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng n\u00f3 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng? \u0110\u00f4i khi, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i con ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft s\u1ebd an to\u00e0n h\u01a1n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.<\/p>\n

          4. Tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 logic<\/h3>\n

          Gi\u1eef vi\u1ec7c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t kh\u1ecfi logic tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i. M\u1ed9t m\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u00ean x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec<\/em> x\u1ea3y ra, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c<\/em> d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef. H\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c h\u00e0m k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i x\u1eed l\u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

          G\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i c\u00e1c m\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \ud83d\udd0d<\/h2>\n

          G\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i m\u00e3 nh\u00fang l\u00e0 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c. Vi\u1ec7c theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i th\u00eam m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a t\u1ed1t s\u1ebd gi\u00fap g\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

            \n
          • Ghi nh\u1eadt k\u00fd tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i:<\/strong> Tri\u1ec3n khai m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ghi nh\u1eadt k\u00fd ghi l\u1ea1i m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n v\u00e0o v\u00e0 ra kh\u1ecfi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi v\u1ec1 v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n
          • M\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng tr\u1ef1c quan:<\/strong> S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi tri\u1ec3n khai. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ed7i logic s\u1edbm.<\/li>\n
          • \u0110i\u1ec3m theo d\u00f5i:<\/strong> \u0110\u1eb7t \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u1eebng t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c h\u00e0m nh\u1eadp tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i. X\u00e1c minh c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o \u0111\u00fang tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            Khi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ecb treo, h\u00e3y ki\u1ec3m tra tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. N\u1ebfu tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 nh\u01b0ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 do thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u00fang. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y thu h\u1eb9p \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng gian t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm so v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c g\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00e3 tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh.<\/p>\n

            Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a x\u00e1c minh ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \ud83e\uddea<\/h2>\n

            Trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 an to\u00e0n nh\u01b0 \u00f4 t\u00f4 ho\u1eb7c y t\u1ebf, c\u00e1c m\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua x\u00e1c minh ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9ng minh b\u1eb1ng to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc r\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

            V\u00ec c\u00e1c m\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u00e0 r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c v\u00e0 h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n, ch\u00fang d\u1ec5 x\u00e1c minh h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 truy c\u1eadp v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd r\u01a1i v\u00e0o tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ch\u1ebft m\u00e1y.<\/p>\n

            Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i UML h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e1c minh n\u00e0y. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c. N\u1ebfu m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3, v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c minh, th\u00ec h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c minh. Chu\u1ed7i ni\u1ec1m tin n\u00e0y v\u00f4 gi\u00e1 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

            Suy ngh\u0129 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u1ec1 logic nh\u00fang \ud83c\udfc1<\/h2>\n

            S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 M\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. N\u00f3 mang l\u1ea1i tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 cho s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. N\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

            Th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m \u1edf s\u1ef1 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0o v\u00e0 ra. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. Khi b\u1ea1n t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u00fang k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 s\u1ebd \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u00fang c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u00fang d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n, m\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u1eabn l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady.<\/p>\n

            Ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft tinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a UML 2.0. Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c. Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n m\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. Khi l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nh\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng cho ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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